WordNet

diverging from another or from a standard; "a divergent opinion"
tending to move apart in different directions (同)diverging
tending to come together from different directions
thinking that moves away in diverging directions so as to involve a variety of aspects and which sometimes lead to novel ideas and solutions; associated with creativity (同)out-of-the-box thinking
a thinker who moves away from the problem as stated and often has novel ideas and solutions
move or draw apart; "The two paths diverge here"
extend in a different direction; "The lines start to diverge here"; "Their interests diverged"
have no limits as a mathematical series

PrepTutorEJDIC

分岐する;それている
1点に集まる / (物理・数学で)収れん性の
(一点から)分岐する,分かれる《+『from』+『名』》 / (定まったコースから)それる,外れる《+『from』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/08 17:27:17」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Look up divergence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Divergence or Divergent can refer to:

In the arts:

Divergent trilogy, a novel series
- Divergent (novel), a 2011 novel by Veronica Roth
  - Divergent (film), the 2014 film based on Roth's novel
    - Divergent (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the 2014 film adaptation.
Divergence (novel), a 1991 novel by Charles Sheffield
Divergence, a 2007 novel by Tony Ballantyne
Divergence (album), a 1972 album by Solution
"Divergence" (Enterprise episode), a fourth-season episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
Divergence (film), a 2005 film from Hong Kong

In mathematics:

Divergence, a function that associates a scalar with every point of a vector field
Divergence (computer science), a computation which does not terminate (or terminates in an exceptional state)
Divergence (statistics) and statistical distance, a measure of dissimilarity between probability measures
- Bregman divergence
- f-divergence
- Jensen–Shannon divergence
- Kullback–Leibler divergence, also known as the "information divergence" in probability theory and information theory
- Rényi's divergence
The defining property of divergent series; series that do not converge to a finite limit
A result of instability of a dynamical system, studied in stability theory

In science:

Divergence (eye), the simultaneous outward movement of both eyes away from each other
Divergence problem, an anomaly between the instrumental record and temperatures calculated using some tree ring proxies
Beam divergence, the half-angle of the cone formed by a beam of light as it propagates and spreads out
Genetic divergence
Infrared divergence, a behavior of a field theory in quantum physics
Ultraviolet divergence, a behavior of a field theory in quantum physics

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 小児における屈折異常 refractive errors in children
2. 輸血によるHIV感染およびAIDS transfusion transmitted hiv infection and aids
3. 終末期ケア：栄養および水分補給の停止 end of life care stopping nutrition and hydration
4. HIV-2感染の疫学、伝播、自然経過、および病因 epidemiology transmission natural history and pathogenesis of hiv 2 infection
5. 乾癬性若年性特発性関節炎：病因、臨床症状、および診断 psoriatic juvenile idiopathic arthritis pathogenesis clinical manifestations and diagnosis

English Journal

Reduced C9orf72 protein levels in frontal cortex of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal degeneration brain with the C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion.

Waite AJ1, Bäumer D2, East S2, Neal J3, Morris HR4, Ansorge O2, Blake DJ5.Author information 1Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cathays, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: waitea@cf.ac.uk.2Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.3Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.4Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.5Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cathays, Cardiff, UK.AbstractAn intronic G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is a major cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Several mechanisms including RNA toxicity, repeat-associated non-AUG translation mediated dipeptide protein aggregates, and haploinsufficiency of C9orf72 have been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of this disorder. The aims of this study were to compare the use of two different Southern blot probes for detection of repeat expansions in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration pathological cohort and to determine the levels of C9orf72 transcript variants and protein isoforms in patients versus control subjects. Our Southern blot studies identified smaller repeat expansions (250-1800 bp) that were only detectable with the flanking probe highlighting the potential for divergent results using different Southern blotting protocols that could complicate genotype-phenotype correlation studies. Further, we characterize a new C9orf72 antibody and show for the first time decreased C9orf72 protein levels in the frontal cortex from patients with a pathological hexanucleotide repeat expansion. These data suggest that a reduction in C9orf72 protein may be a consequence of the disease.
Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2014 Jul;35(7):1779.e5-1779.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.016. Epub 2014 Jan 17.
An intronic G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is a major cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Several mechanisms including RNA toxicity, repeat-associated non-AUG translation mediated dipeptide protein aggregates, and haploinsufficiency of C9orf
PMID 24559645

Novel Y-chromosome polymorphisms in Chinese domestic yak.

Li R1, Wang SQ, Xu SY, Huang JP, Wang FQ, Ma ZJ, Dang RH, Lan XY, Chen H, Lei CZ.Author information 1Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.AbstractY-chromosome-specific haplotypes (Y-haplotypes) constructed using single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) in the MSY (male-specific region of the Y-chromosome) are valuable in population genetic studies. But sequence variants in the yak MSY region have been poorly characterized so far. In this study, we screened a total of 16 Y-chromosome-specific gene segments from the ZFY, SRY, UTY, USP9Y, AMELY and OFD1Y genes to identify Y-SNPs in domestic yaks. Six novel Y-SNPs distributed in the USP9Y (g.223C>T), UTY19 (g.158A>C and g.169C>T), AMELY2 (g.261C>T), OFD1Y9 (g.165A>G) and SRY4 (g.104G>A) loci, which can define three Y-haplotypes (YH1, YH2 and YH3) in yaks, were discovered. YH1 was the dominant and presumably most ancient haplotype based on the comparison of UTY19 locus with other bovid species. Interestingly, we found informative UTY19 markers (g.158A>C and g.169C>T) that can effectively distinguish the three yak Y-haplotypes. The nucleotide diversity was 1.7 × 10-4 ± 0.3 × 10-4 , indicating rich Y-chromosome diversity in yaks. We identified two highly divergent lineages (YH1 and YH2 vs. YH3) that share similar frequencies (YH1 + YH2: 0.82-0.89, YH3: 0.11-0.18) among all three populations. In agreement with previous mtDNA studies, we supported the hypothesis that the two highly divergent lineages (YH1 and YH2 vs. YH3) derived from a single gene pool, which can be explained by the reunion of at least two paternal populations with the divergent lineages already accumulated before domestication. We estimated a divergence time of 408 110 years between the two divergent lineages, which is consistent with the data from mitochondrial DNA in yaks.
Animal genetics.Anim Genet.2014 Jun;45(3):449-452. doi: 10.1111/age.12139. Epub 2014 Mar 14.
Y-chromosome-specific haplotypes (Y-haplotypes) constructed using single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) in the MSY (male-specific region of the Y-chromosome) are valuable in population genetic studies. But sequence variants in the yak MSY region have been poorly characterized so far. In this stud
PMID 24628343

Chickens from lines artificially selected for juvenile low and high body weight differ in glucose homeostasis and pancreas physiology.

Sumners LH1, Zhang W2, Zhao X3, Honaker CF4, Zhang S5, Cline MA6, Siegel PB7, Gilbert ER8.Author information 1Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: lhsumners@vt.edu.2Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: zwei11@vt.edu.3Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: zhaoxiaoling04@163.com.4Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: chonaker@vt.edu.5Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: shzhang@vt.edu.6Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: macline2@vt.edu.7Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: pbsiegel@vt.edu.8Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: egilbert@vt.edu.AbstractArtificial selection of White Plymouth Rock chickens for juvenile (day 56) body weight resulted in two divergent genetic lines: hypophagic low weight (LWS) chickens and hyperphagic obese high weight (HWS) chickens, with the latter more than 10-fold heavier than the former at selection age. A study was designed to investigate glucose regulation and pancreas physiology at selection age in LWS chickens and HWS chickens. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests revealed differences in threshold sensitivity to insulin and glucose clearance rate between the lines. Results from real-time PCR showed greater pancreatic mRNA expression of four glucose regulatory genes (preproinsulin, PPI; preproglucagon, PPG; glucose transporter 2, GLUT2; and pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1, Pdx1) in LWS chickens, than HWS chickens. Histological analysis of the pancreas revealed that HWS chickens have larger pancreatic islets, less pancreatic islet mass, and more pancreatic inflammation than LWS chickens, all of which presumably contribute to impaired glucose metabolism.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2014 Jun;172:57-65. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.02.020. Epub 2014 Mar 5.
Artificial selection of White Plymouth Rock chickens for juvenile (day 56) body weight resulted in two divergent genetic lines: hypophagic low weight (LWS) chickens and hyperphagic obese high weight (HWS) chickens, with the latter more than 10-fold heavier than the former at selection age. A study w
PMID 24614025

Two IFNGR1 homologues in Tetraodon nigroviridis: Origin, expression analysis and ligand-binding preference.

Lu DQ1, Leng TT2, Ding X2, Peng W2, Yao M2, Li SS2, Lin HR2, Zhang Y2.Author information 1State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China. Electronic address: ludanqi@mail.sysu.edu.cn.2State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.AbstractIn the present study, the divergent properties of IFNGR1 isoforms (IFNGR1-1 and IFNGR1-2) were characterized in Tetraodon nigroviridis. Despite the structural similarities between these proteins, two T. nigroviridis IFNGR1 homologues differ from each other not only in their primary nucleotide and amino acid sequences but also in their syntenic structure. Genomic analysis demonstrates the conservation of synteny between the fish IFNGR1-2s and IFNGR1s in higher vertebrates; conversely, the IFNGR1-1 has no correspondingconservationofsyntenywith Gallus gallus and Homo sapiens, suggesting that the two genes were derived from two different origins. Additionally, their different sensitivities to mitogens and recombinant T. nigroviridis IFN-γs were observed. Furthermore, ligand-binding analysis strongly supported the model proposed in Danio rerio, which suggests that IFNGR1-1 is the major component of the IFN-γrel receptor complex; IFN-γ most likely binds to both IFNGR1-2 and IFNGR1-1. This study is a further step towards elucidating the teleostean IFN-γ system, which is different from that in mammals.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 Jun;44(2):270-9. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.001. Epub 2014 Jan 9.
In the present study, the divergent properties of IFNGR1 isoforms (IFNGR1-1 and IFNGR1-2) were characterized in Tetraodon nigroviridis. Despite the structural similarities between these proteins, two T. nigroviridis IFNGR1 homologues differ from each other not only in their primary nucleotide and am
PMID 24412214

Japanese Journal

Electron trajectory selection for high harmonic generation inside a short hollow fiber

Igarashi Hironori,Makida Ayumu,Sekikawa Taro
Optics express 21(18), 20632-20640, 2013-09-09
… On the other hand, a 200-mu m hollow fiber was found to generate a more divergent beam with a larger M-2 because of the long trajectory. …
NAID 120005348188

Reconstruction of Phylogenetic Relationships of Korean Chickens Using Mitochondrial D–loop Sequences

Hoque Md. Rashedul,Seo Dong–Won,Jo Cheorun,Gotoh Takafumi,Lee Jun–Heon,Goto Takafumi,後藤貴文
Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 58(2), 287-293, 2013-09
… Phylogenetic analyses revealed five divergent mtDNA clades (A to E) based on geographical distribution. …
NAID 120005326654

Fabricated InGaN Membranes through a Wet Lateral Etching Process

Wu Kaun-Chun,Huang Kun-Pin,Cheng Po-Fu,Tseng Wang-Po,Huang Yu-Chieh,Jiang Ren-Hao,Wang Jing-Hao,Shieh Bing-Cheng,Lai Chun-Feng,Lin Chia-Feng
Applied Physics Express 6(8), 086501-086501-4, 2013-08-25
… High light extraction efficiency, narrow divergent angle, and flat wet-etched GaN surface were observed on the lift-off InGaN membrane. …
NAID 150000107217