WordNet

require to lose, suffer, or sacrifice; "This mistake cost him his job"
the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
be priced at; "These shoes cost $100" (同)be
a riblike part of a plant or animal (such as a middle rib of a leaf or a thickened vein of an insect wing)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈品物が〉〈ある金額〉‘が'『かかる』,'を'要する / 〈物事が〉…'を'『犠牲にさせる』,失わせる / 〈仕事など〉‘の'手間(原価)を計算する / 『代価』,値段;《しばしば複数形で》経費,費用 / 《the cost》『犠牲』,損失 / 《複数形で》訴訟費用
肋(ろっ)骨;肋骨状の部分

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/15 10:19:20」(JST)

wiki en

In vertebrate anatomy, ribs (Latin: costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage. In most tetrapods, ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the chest cavity. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body.

Human anatomy

Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). The first seven sets of ribs, known as "true ribs" (costae verae) also known as vertebrosternal ribs, are directly attached to the sternum through the costal cartilage. Rib 1 is unique and harder to distinguish than other ribs. It is a short, flat, C-shaped bone. The vertebral attachment can be found just below the neck and the majority of this bone can be found above the level of the clavicle. Ribs 2 through 7 have a more traditional appearance and become longer and less curved as they progress downwards.^[1] The following five sets are known as "false ribs" (costae spuriae), three of these sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum, while the last two (eleventh and twelfth ribs) are termed floating ribs (costae fluctuantes) or vertebral ribs. They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. Some people lack one of the two pairs of floating ribs, while others have a third pair.^{[citation needed]}

In general, human ribs increase in length from ribs 1 through 7 and decrease in length again through rib 12. Along with this change in size, the ribs become progressively oblique (slanted) from ribs 1 through 9, then less slanted through rib 12.^[1]

X-ray image of human chest, with ribs labelled

The ribcage is separated from the lower abdomen by the thoracic diaphragm which controls breathing. When the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity is expanded, reducing intra-thoracic pressure and drawing air into the lungs. This happens through one of two actions (or a mix of the two): when the lower ribs the diaphragm connects to are stabilized by muscles and the central tendon is mobile, when the muscle contracts the central tendon is drawn down, compressing the cavity underneath and expanding the thoracic cavity downward. When the central tendon is stabilized and the lower ribs are mobile, a contraction of the diaphragm elevates the ribs, which works in conjunction with other muscles to expand the thoracic indent upward.

In animals

Skeleton of a dog showing the location of the ribs

Ribcage of Eptesicus fuscus (Big Brown Bat)

In fish, there are often two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column. One set, the dorsal ribs, are found in the dividing septum between the upper and lower parts of the main muscle segments, projecting roughly sideways from the vertebral column. The second set, of ventral ribs arise from the vertebral column just below the dorsal ribs, and enclose the lower body, often joining at the tips. Not all species possess both types of rib, with the dorsal ribs being most commonly absent. Sharks, for example, have no dorsal ribs, and only very short ventral ribs, while lampreys have no ribs at all. In some teleosts, there may be additional rib-like bones within the muscle mass.^[2]

Tetrapods, however, only ever have a single set of ribs which are probably homologous with the dorsal ribs of fishes. In the early tetrapods, every vertebra bore a pair of ribs, although those on the thoracic vertebrae are typically the longest. The sacral ribs were stout and short, since they formed part of the pelvis, connecting the backbone to the hip bones.^[2]

In most subsequent forms, many of these early ribs have been lost, and in living amphibians and reptiles, there is great variation in rib structure and number. For example, turtles have only eight pairs of ribs, which are developed into a bony or cartilagenous carapace and plastron, while snakes have numerous ribs running along the full length of their trunk. Frogs typically have no ribs, aside from a sacral pair, which form part of the pelvis.^[2]

In birds, ribs are present as distinct bones only on the thoracic region, although small fused ribs are present on the cervical vertebrae. The thoracic ribs of birds possess a wide projection to the rear; this uncinate process is an attachment for the shoulder muscles.^[2] Usually dogs have 26 ribs. Mammals usually also only have distinct ribs on the thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are also present in monotremes. In marsupials and placental mammals, the cervical and lumbar ribs are found only as tiny remnants fused to the vertebrae, where they are referred to as transverse processes. In general, the structure and number of the true ribs in humans is similar to that in other mammals. Unlike reptiles, caudal ribs are never found in mammals.^[2]

Additional images

Human ribs (shown in red). It consist of 24 ribs. Left and right of first rib to twelfth rib.
Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots. Deep dissection. Posterior view.
Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.
Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.

References

^ ^a ^b Saladin, K. S. (2010). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 170–173. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.

Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th ed. Keith L. Moore and Robert F. Dalley. pp. 62–64

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Related Pictures

Ребра Fin | Bones of the chest | Founder | Anatomy of human costa Angulus costae (Rippenwinkel) || Med-koM Arhtologi dan Osteologi Dasar - Fadhila Alizza Costae verae (echte Rippen) | Kenhub crista capitis costae - Kërkimi Google | other | Google Ribcage (Sceleton thoracis)

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「肋骨」
関連記事	「cost」「costa」

「肋骨」

Rib
	The human rib cage (Source: Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, 20th ed. 1918)
	Detail of a single human rib
Details
Identifiers
Latin	costae
MeSH	D012272
FMA	7574
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: rib, ribs
ラ: costae

真肋 true rib
- 第1肋骨-第7肋骨
偽肋 false rib
- 第8肋骨-第10肋骨
浮遊肋 floating rib
- 第11肋骨-第12肋骨

発生学

胸椎の肋骨突起から形成されるので、沿軸中胚葉の椎板部に由来(L.179)

Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

「cost」

　　[★]

n.

コスト、費用、代価、経費

adj.

費用がかかる

関: expense

「costa」

　　[★]

n.

肋骨

関: rib

[Saladin.2C_K._S._2010-1] Saladin, K. S. (2010). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

[VB-2] Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 170–173. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

costae