n.

錐、錐面。直円錐
円錐形のもの
(医)(網膜の)錐体

vt.

円錐形にする。～に円錐の斜面のように斜角をつける。

vi.

球果をつける。(渦などが)円錐形を形成する。

同: cones

WordNet

make cone-shaped; "cone a tire"
a shape whose base is a circle and whose sides taper up to a point (同)conoid, cone shape
cone-shaped mass of ovule- or spore-bearing scales or bracts (同)strobilus, strobile
any cone-shaped artifact
a visual receptor cell in the retina that is sensitive to bright light and to color (同)cone cell, retinal cone
resembling a pyramid (同)pyramidic, pyramidical
small slow-growing upland pine of western United States (Rocky Mountains) having dense branches with fissured rust-brown bark and short needles in bunches of 5 and thorn-tipped cone scales; among the oldest living things some over 4500 years old (同)Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine, Pinus aristata
the muscle that extends the forearm and abducts the ulna in pronation of the wrist (同)musculus_anconeus
large bloodsucking bug (同)cone-nosed bug, conenose bug, big bedbug, kissing bug
in opposition to a proposition, opinion, etc.; "much was written pro and con"
an argument opposed to a proposal

PrepTutorEJDIC

円すい,円すい形 / 円すい形のもの / 球果(松かさなど)・暴風警報球.
ピラミッド[状]の
=conic
…'を'よく研究する
反対して / 反対投票,反対論
〈人〉'を'ペテンにかける
=convict
=confidence trick

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/07 11:21:42」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Not to be confused with the conical surface. For other uses, see Cone (disambiguation).

A right circular cone and an oblique circular cone

A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex.

More precisely, it is the solid figure bounded by a base in a plane and by a surface (called the lateral surface) formed by the locus of all straight line segments joining the apex to the perimeter of the base. The term "cone" sometimes refers just to the surface of this solid figure, or just to the lateral surface.

The axis of a cone is the straight line (if any), passing through the apex, about which the base has a rotational symmetry.

In common usage in elementary geometry, cones are assumed to be right circular, where circular means that the base is a circle and right means that the axis passes through the centre of the base at right angles to its plane. Contrasted with right cones are oblique cones, in which the axis does not pass perpendicularly through the centre of the base.^[1] In general, however, the base may be any shape and the apex may lie anywhere (though it is usually assumed that the base is bounded and therefore has finite area, and that the apex lies outside the plane of the base).

A cone with a polygonal base is called a pyramid.^[2]

Other mathematical meanings

A double cone (not shown infinitely extended)

In mathematical usage, the word "cone" is used also for an "infinite cone", the union of a set of half-lines that start at a common apex point and go through a base. An infinite cone is not bounded by its base but extends to infinity. A "doubly infinite cone", or "double cone", is the union of a set of straight lines that pass through a common apex point and go through a base, therefore double infinite cones extend symmetrically on both sides of the apex.

The boundary of an infinite or doubly infinite cone is a conical surface, and the intersection of a plane with this surface is a conic section. For infinite cones, the word axis again usually refers to the axis of rotational symmetry (if any). Either half of a double cone on one side of the apex is called a "nappe".

Depending on the context, "cone" may also mean specifically a convex cone or a projective cone.

Further terminology

The perimeter of the base of a cone is called the "directrix", and each of the line segments between the directrix and apex is a "generatrix" of the lateral surface. (For the connection between this sense of the term "directrix" and the directrix of a conic section, see Dandelin spheres.)

The volume and the surface area for a straight cone are described in the geometry section below.

The "base radius" of a circular cone is the radius of its base; often this is simply called the radius of the cone. The aperture of a right circular cone is the maximum angle between two generatrix lines; if the generatrix makes an angle θ to the axis, the aperture is 2θ.

A cone with its apex cut off by a plane is called a "truncated cone"; if the truncation plane is parallel to the cone's base, it is called a frustum. An "elliptical cone" is a cone with an elliptical base. A "generalized cone" is the surface created by the set of lines passing through a vertex and every point on a boundary (also see visual hull).

Geometry

Surface area

The lateral surface area of a right circular cone is where is the radius of the circle at the bottom of the cone and is the lateral height of the cone (given by the Pythagorean theorem where is the height of the cone). The surface area of the bottom circle of a cone is the same as for any circle, . Thus the total surface area of a right circular cone is:

or

Volume

The volume of any conic solid is one third of the product of the area of the base and the height (the perpendicular distance from the base to the apex).

In modern mathematics, this formula can easily be computed using calculus – it is, up to scaling, the integral Without using calculus, the formula can be proven by comparing the cone to a pyramid and applying Cavalieri's principle – specifically, comparing the cone to a (vertically scaled) right square pyramid, which forms one third of a cube. This formula cannot be proven without using such infinitesimal arguments – unlike the 2-dimensional formulae for polyhedral area, though similar to the area of the circle – and hence admitted less rigorous proofs before the advent of calculus, with the ancient Greeks using the method of exhaustion. This is essentially the content of Hilbert's third problem – more precisely, not all polyhedral pyramids are scissors congruent (can be cut apart into finite pieces and rearranged into the other), and thus volume cannot be computed purely by using a decomposition argument.

Center of mass

The center of mass of a conic solid of uniform density lies one-quarter of the way from the center of the base to the vertex, on the straight line joining the two.

Right circular cone

For a circular cone with radius R and height H, the formula for volume becomes

where r is the radius of the cone at height h measured from the apex:

Thus:

For a right circular cone, the surface area is

where is the slant height.

The first term in the area formula, , is the area of the base, while the second term, , is the area of the lateral surface.

A right circular cone with height and aperture , whose axis is the coordinate axis and whose apex is the origin, is described parametrically as

where range over , , and , respectively.

In implicit form, the same solid is defined by the inequalities

where

More generally, a right circular cone with vertex at the origin, axis parallel to the vector , and aperture , is given by the implicit vector equation where

or

where , and denotes the dot product.

Projective geometry

In projective geometry, a cylinder is simply a cone whose apex is at infinity, which corresponds visually to a cylinder in perspective appearing to be a cone towards the sky.

In projective geometry, a cylinder is simply a cone whose apex is at infinity. Intuitively, if one keeps the base fixed and takes the limit as the apex goes to infinity, one obtains a cylinder, the angle of the side increasing as arctan, in the limit forming a right angle.

This is useful in the definition of degenerate conics, which require considering the cylindrical conics.

References

^ Weisstein, Eric W., "Cone", MathWorld.
^ A Review of Basic Geometry

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cone (geometry).

Weisstein, Eric W., "Generalized Cone", MathWorld.
Spinning Cone from Math Is Fun
Paper model cone
Lateral surface area of an oblique cone
Cut a Cone An interactive demonstration of the intersection of a cone with a plane

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 子宮頸部上皮内腫瘍：子宮頸部円錐切除術のための手順 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia procedures for cervical conization
2. 子宮頸部上皮内腺癌 cervical adenocarcinoma in situ
3. 子宮頸部上皮内腫瘍：管理 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia management
4. 微細欠失症候群（1番～11番染色体） microdeletion syndromes chromosomes 1 to 11
5. 血小板機能検査 platelet function testing

English Journal

Clinical problems of computer-guided implant surgery.

Moon SY1, Lee KR2, Kim SG1, Son MK3.
Maxillofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery.Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg.2016 Mar 24;38(1):15. eCollection 2016.
BACKGROUND: The utilization of a cone-beam computed tomography (CT)-assisted surgical template allows for predictable results because implant placement plans can be performed in the actual surgery. In order to assess the accuracy of the CT-guided surgery, angular errors and shoulder/apex distance er
PMID 27073797

Preparation of zinc hydroxystannate-decorated graphene oxide nanohybrids and their synergistic reinforcement on reducing fire hazards of flexible poly (vinyl chloride).

Gao T1,2, Chen L3, Li Z4,5, Yu L1,2, Wu Z1,2, Zhang Z1,2.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):192. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1403-z. Epub 2016 Apr 12.
A novel flame retardant, zinc hydroxystannate-decorated graphene oxide (ZHS/GO) nanohybrid, was successfully prepared and well characterized. Herein, the ZHS nanoparticles could not only enhance the flame retardancy of GO with the synergistic flame-retardant effect of ZHS but also prevent the restac
PMID 27071679

The influence of pruning and harvest timing on hop aroma, cone appearance, and yield.

Matsui H1, Inui T2, Oka K3, Fukui N4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jul 1;202:15-22. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.058. Epub 2016 Jan 19.
Humulus lupulus (hop) cone is a key ingredient of beer, which determines its taste and aroma. Thus, it is necessary to control its cultivation conditions to acquire suitable quality. Here, cultivation conditions, such as pruning, blooming, and harvest timings, were modified for the Saaz hop variety
PMID 26920261

Accuracy evaluation of the optical surface monitoring system on EDGE linear accelerator in a phantom study.

Mancosu P1, Fogliata A2, Stravato A1, Tomatis S1, Cozzi L1, Scorsetti M1.
Medical dosimetry : official journal of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists.Med Dosim.2016 Summer;41(2):173-9. doi: 10.1016/j.meddos.2015.12.003. Epub 2016 Mar 16.
Frameless stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) requires dedicated systems to monitor the patient position during the treatment to avoid target underdosage due to involuntary shift. The optical surface monitoring system (OSMS) is here evaluated in a phantom-based study. The new EDGE linear accelerator fro
PMID 26994827