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the transmission of heat or electricity or sound (同)conductivity

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(熱・電気の)伝導;(液体を)管などで導くこと
〈C〉速度

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/16 14:45:16」(JST)

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Nerve conduction velocity is an important aspect of nerve conduction studies. It is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway. Conduction velocities are affected by a wide array of factors, including age, sex, and various medical conditions. Studies allow for better diagnoses of various neuropathies, especially demyelinating conditions as these conditions result in reduced or non-existent conduction velocities.

1 Normal Conduction Velocities
2 Methods of Testing
- 2.1 Nerve Conduction Studies
  - 2.1.1 Micromachined 3D Electrode Arrays
3 Causes for Conduction Velocity Deviations
- 3.1 Anthropometric and Other Individualized Factors
  - 3.1.1 Age
  - 3.1.2 Sex
  - 3.1.3 Temperature
  - 3.1.4 Height
  - 3.1.5 Hand Factors
- 3.2 Medical Conditions
  - 3.2.1 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  - 3.2.2 Carpal Tunnel syndrome
  - 3.2.3 Guillain-Barre syndrome
  - 3.2.4 Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
  - 3.2.5 Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy
4 See also
5 External links
6 References

Normal Conduction Velocities

Ultimately, conduction velocities are specific to each individual and depend largely on an axon's diameter and the degree to which that axon is myelinated, but the majority of 'normal' individuals fall within defined ranges.^[1]

Nerve impulses are extremely fast, with some myelinated neurons conducting at speeds up to 120 m/s (432 km/h)

Motor fiber types
Type	Erlanger-Gasser Classification	Diameter	Myelin	Conduction velocity	Associated muscle fibers
α	Aα	13-20 µm	Yes	80–120 m/s	Extrafusal muscle fibers
γ	Aγ	5-8 µm	Yes	4–24 m/s ^[2]^[3]	Intrafusal muscle fibers

Different sensory receptors are innervated by different types of nerve fibers. Proprioceptors are innervated by type Ia, Ib and II sensory fibers, mechanoreceptors by type II and III sensory fibers, and nociceptors and thermoreceptors by type III and IV sensory fibers.

Sensory fiber types
Type	Erlanger-Gasser Classification	Diameter	Myelin	Conduction velocity	Associated sensory receptors
Ia	Aα	13-20 µm	Yes	80–120 m/s^[4]	Responsible for proprioception
Ib	Aα	13-20 µm	Yes	80–120 m/s	Golgi tendon organ
II	Aβ	6-12 µm	Yes	33–75 m/s	Secondary receptors of muscle spindle All cutaneous mechanoreceptors
III	Aδ	1-5 µm	Thin	3–30 m/s	Free nerve endings of touch and pressure Nociceptors of neospinothalamic tract Cold thermoreceptors
IV	C	0.2-1.5 µm	No	0.5-2.0 m/s	Nociceptors of paleospinothalamic tract Warmth receptors

Fiber types
Type	Erlanger-Gasser Classification	Diameter	Myelin	Conduction velocity
preganglionic fibers	B	1-5 µm	Yes	3–15 m/s
postganglionic fibers	C	0.2-1.5 µm	No	0.5-2.0 m/s

Peripheral Nerves
Nerve	Conduction velocity^[5]^[6]
Median Sensory	45–70 m/s
Median Motor	49–64 m/s
Ulnar Sensory	48–74 m/s
Ulnar Motor	49+ m/s
Peroneal Motor	44+ m/s
Tibial Motor	41+ m/s
Sural Sensory	46–64 m/s

Normal impulses in peripheral nerves of the legs travel at 40–45 m/s, and 50–65 m/s in peripheral nerves of the arms.^[7] Largely generalized, normal conduction velocities for any given nerve will be in the range of 50–60 m/s.^[8]

Methods of Testing

Nerve Conduction Studies

Nerve Conduction Velocity is just one of many measurements commonly made during a nerve conduction study (NCS). The purpose of these studies is to determine whether nerve damage is present and how severe that damage may be.

Nerve conduction studies are performed as follows:^[8]

Two electrodes are attached to the subject's skin over the nerve being tested.
Electrical impulses are sent through one electrode to stimulate the nerve.
The second electrode records the impulse sent through the nerve as a result of stimulation.
The time difference between stimulation from the first electrode and pick-up by the downstream electrode is known as the latency. Nerve conduction latencies are typically on the order of milliseconds.

Although conduction velocity itself is not directly measured, calculating conduction velocities from NCS measurements is trivial. The distance between the stimulating and receiving electrodes is divided by the impulse latency, resulting in conduction velocity.

Many times, Needle EMG is also performed on subjects at the same time as other NCS procedures because they aid in detecting whether muscles are functioning properly in response to stimuli sent via their connecting nerves.^[8] EMG is the most important component of electrodiagnosis of motor neuron diseases as it often leads to the identification of motor neuron involvement before clinical evidence can be seen.^[9]

Micromachined 3D Electrode Arrays

Typically, the electrodes used in an EMG are stuck to the skin over a thin layer of gel/paste.^[8] This allows for better conduction between electrode and skin. However, as these electrodes do not pierce the skin, there are impedances that result in erroneous readings, high noise levels, and low spatial resolution in readings.^[10]

To address these problems, new devices are being developed, such as 3-dimensional electrode arrays. These are MEMS devices that consist of arrays of metal micro-towers capable of penetrating the outer layers of skin, thus reducing impedance.^[10]

Compared with traditional wet electrodes, multielectrode arrays offer the following:^[10]

Electrodes are about 1/10 the size of standard wet surface electrodes
Arrays of electrodes can be created and scaled to cover areas of almost any size
Reduced impedance
Improved signal power
Higher amplitude signals
Allow better real-time nerve impulse tracking

Causes for Conduction Velocity Deviations

Anthropometric and Other Individualized Factors

Baseline nerve conduction measurements are different for everyone, as they are dependent upon the individual's age, sex, local temperatures, and other anthropometric factors such as hand size and height.^[5]^[11] It is important to understand the effect of these various factors on the normal values for nerve conduction measurements to aid in identifying abnormal nerve conduction study results. The ability to predict normal values in the context of an individual's anthropometric characteristics increases the sensitivities and specificities of electrodiagnostic procedures.^[5]

Age

Normal 'adult' values for conduction velocities are typically reached by age 4. Conduction velocities in newborns and toddlers tend to be about half the adult values.^[1]

Nerve conduction studies performed on healthy adults revealed that age is negatively associated with the sensory amplitude measures of the Median, Ulnar, and Sural nerves. Negative associations were also found between age and the conduction velocities and latencies in the Median sensory, Median motor, and Ulnar sensory nerves. However, conduction velocity of the Sural nerve is not associated with age. In general, conduction velocities in the upper extremities decrease by about 1 m/s for every 10 years of age.^[5]

Sex

Sural nerve conduction amplitude is significantly smaller in females than males, and the latency of impulses is longer in females, thus a slower conduction velocity.^[5]

Other nerves have not been shown to exhibit any gender biases.

Temperature

In general, the conduction velocities of most motor and sensory nerves are positively and linearly associated with body temperature (low temperatures slow nerve conduction velocity and higher temperatures increase conduction velocity).^[1]

Conduction velocities in the Sural nerve seem to exhibit an especially strong correlation with the local temperature of the nerve.^[5]

Height

Conduction velocities in both the Median sensory and Ulnar sensory nerves are negatively related to an individual's height, which likely accounts for the fact that, among most of the adult population, conduction velocities between the wrist and digits of an individual's hand decrease by 0.5 m/s for each inch increase in height.^[5] As a direct consequence, impulse latencies within the Median, Ulnar, and Sural nerves increases with height.^[5]

The correlation between height and the amplitude of impulses in the sensory nerves is negative.^[5]

Hand Factors

Circumference of the index finger appears to be negatively associated with conduction amplitudes in the Median and Ulnar nerves. In addition, people with larger wrist ratios (anterior-posterior diameter : medial-lateral diameter) have lower Median nerve latencies and faster conduction velocities.^[5]

Medical Conditions

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) aka 'Lou Gehrig's disease' is a progressive and inevitably fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting the motor neurons.^[9] Because ALS shares many symptoms with other neurodegenerative diseases, it can be difficult to diagnose properly. The best method of establishing a confident diagnosis is via electrodiagnostic evaluation. To be specific, motor nerve conduction studies of the Median, Ulnar, and peroneal muscles should be performed, as well as sensory nerve conduction studies of the Ulnar and Sural nerves.^[9]

In patients with ALS, it has been shown that distal motor latencies and slowing of conduction velocity worsened as the severity of their muscle weakness increased. Both symptoms are consistent with the axonal degeneration occurring in ALS patients.^[9]

Carpal Tunnel syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a form of nerve compression syndrome caused by the compression of the median nerve at the wrist. Typical symptoms include numbness, tingling, burning pains, or weakness in the hand.^[12]^[13] CTS is another condition for which electrodiagnostic testing is valuable.^[12]^[14] However, before subjecting a patient to nerve conduction studies, both Tinel's test and Phalen's test should be performed. If both results are negative, it is very unlikely that the patient has CTS, and further testing is unnecessary.^[13]

Carpal tunnel syndrome presents in each individual to different extents. Measurements of nerve conduction velocity are critical to determining the degree of severity.^[14]^[15] These levels of severity are categorized as:^[12]^[13]

Mild CTS: Prolonged sensory latencies, very slight decrease in conduction velocity. No suspected axonal degeneration.
Moderate CTS: Abnormal sensory conduction velocities and reduced motor conduction velocities. No suspected axonal degeneration.
Severe CTS: Absence of sensory responses and prolonged motor latencies (reduced motor conduction velocities).
Extreme CTS: Absence of both sensory and motor responses.

One common electrodiagnostic measurement includes the difference between sensory nerve conduction velocities in the pinkie finger and index finger. In most instances of CTS, symptoms will not present until this difference is greater than 8 m/s.^[12]^[13]

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a peripheral neuropathy involving the degeneration of myelin sheathing and/or nerves that innervate the head, body, and limbs.^[7] This degeneration is due to an autoimmune response typically initiated by various infections.

Two primary classifications exist: demyelinating (Schwann cell damage) and axonal (direct nerve fiber damage).^[7]^[16] Each of these then branches into additional sub-classifications depending on the exact manifestation. In all cases, however, the condition results in weakness or paralysis of limbs, the potentially fatal paralysis of respiratory muscles, or a combination of these effects.^[7]

The disease can progress very rapidly once symptoms present (severe damage can occur within as little as a day).^[7] Because electrodiagnosis is one of the fastest and most direct methods of determining the presence of the illness and its proper classification, nerve conduction studies are extremely important.^[16] Without proper electrodiagnostic assessment, GBS is commonly misdiagnosed as Polio, West Nile virus, Tick paralysis, various Toxic neuropathies, CIDP, Transverse myelitis, or Hysterical paralysis.^[7] Two sets of nerve conduction studies should allow for proper diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome. It is recommended that these be performed within the first 2 weeks of symptom presentation and again sometime between 3 and 8 weeks.^[16]

Electrodiagnostic findings that may implicate GBS include:^[6]^[7]^[16]

Complete conduction blocks
Abnormal or absent F waves
Attenuated compound muscle action potential amplitudes
Prolonged motor neuron latencies
Severely slowed conduction velocities (sometimes below 20 m/s)

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disease in which auto-antibodies are directed against voltage-gated calcium channels at presynaptic nerve terminals. Here, the antibodies inhibit the release of neurotransmitters, resulting in muscle weakness and autonomic dysfunctions.^[17]

Nerve conduction studies performed on the Ulnar motor and sensory, Median motor and sensory, Tibial motor, and Peroneal motor nerves in patients with LEMS have shown that the conduction velocity across these nerves is actually normal. However, the amplitudes of the compound motor action potentials may be reduced by up to 55%, and the duration of these action potentials decreased by up to 47%.^[17]

Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy

At least half the population with Diabetes mellitus is also affected with Diabetic neuropathy, causing numbness and weakness in the peripheral limbs.^[18] Studies have shown that the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway is more active in individuals with diabetes and that this signaling activity occurs mainly in the Nodes of Ranvier and Schmidt-Lanterman incisures.^[18] Therefore, over-activity of the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway may inhibit nerve conduction.

Motor nerve conduction velocity studies revealed that conductance in diabetic rats was about 30% lower than that of the non-diabetic control group. In addition, activity along the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures was non-continuous and non-linear in the diabetic group, but linear and continuous in the control. These deficiencies were eliminated after the administration of Fasudil to the diabetic group, implying that it may be a potential treatment.^[18]

External links

Virtual NCS training and other educational tools

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Nerve conduction velocity". National Institutes of Health. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
^ Andrew BL, Part NJ (1972) Properties of fast and slow motor units in hind limb and tail muscles of the rat. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 57:213-225.
^ Russell NJ (1980). "Axonal conduction velocity changes following muscle tenotomy or deafferentation during development in the rat". J Physiol 298: 347–360.
^ Siegel, Allan; Sapru, Hreday (2005). Essential Neuroscience. p. 257. ISBN 978-0781750776.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Stetson, PhD, Diana S.; James W. Albers, Barbara A. Silverstein, Robert A. Wolfe (October 1992). "Effects of Age, Sex, and Anthropometric Factors on Nerve Conduction Measures". Muscle & Nerve (15): 1095–1104. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b Sedano, Maria J.; Canga, Ana, Pablos, Carmen, Polo, Jose M., Berciano, Jose (31 January 2013). "Muscle MRI in severe Guillain–Barré syndrome with motor nerve inexcitability". Journal of Neurology 260 (6): 1624–1630. doi:10.1007/s00415-013-6845-y. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Parry, Gareth J. (2007). Guillain-Barré Syndrome. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-1-932603-56-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Nerve Conduction Study (NCS)". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Joyce, Nanette C.; Carter, Gregory T. (May 2013). "Electrodiagnosis in Persons With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis". PM&R 5 (5, Supplement): S89–S95. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.03.020. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Rajaraman, Swaminathan; Bragg, Julian A., Ross, James D., Allen, Mark G. (30 June 2011). "Micromachined three-dimensional electrode arrays for transcutaneous nerve tracking". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 21 (8). doi:10.1088/0960-1317/21/8/085014. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Thanakiatpinyo, MD, Thanitta; Gulapar Srisawasdi (2013). "Effect of Hand Size on the Stimulation Intensities Required for Median and Ulnar Sensory Nerve Conduction Studies". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (94): 925–929. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Werner, Robert A.; Andary, Michael (October 2011). "Electrodiagnostic evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome". Muscle & Nerve 44 (4): 597–607. doi:10.1002/mus.22208. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ntani, Georgia; Palmer, Keith T., Linaker, Cathy, Harris, E Clare, Van der Star, Richard, Cooper, Cyrus, Coggon, David (15 August 2013). "Symptoms, signs and nerve conduction velocities in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 14 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-242. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b Inukai, Tomoo; Uchida, Kenzo, Kubota, Chikara, Takamura, Takaharu, Nakajima, Hideaki, Baba, Hisatoshi (24 October 2013). "Second lumbrical-interossei nerve test predicts clinical severity and surgical outcome of carpal tunnel syndrome". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 20 (9): 1224–1227. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.04.007. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Robinson, Lawrence, R.; Strakowski, Jeffrey, Kennedy, David J. (May 2013). "Is the Combined Sensory (Robinson) Index Routinely Indicated for All Cases of Suspected Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Undergoing Electrodiagnostic Evaluation?". PM&R 5 (5): 433–437. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.04.007. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shahrizaila, Nortina; Goh, Khean Jin, Abdullah, Suhailah, Kuppusamy, Rishikesan, Yuki, Nobuhiro (8 February 2013). "Two sets of nerve conduction studies may suffice in reaching a reliable electrodiagnosis in Guillain–Barré syndrome". Clinical Neurophysiology 124 (7): 1456–1459. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.12.047. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b Crone, Clarissa; Christiansen, Ingelise, Vissing, John (3 May 2013). "Myopathic EMG findings and type II muscle fiber atrophy in patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome". Clinical Neurophysiology 124 (9): 1889–1892. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.02.115. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Kanazawa, Yasushi; Junko Takahashi-Fujigasaki, Sho Ishizawa, Naoko Takabayashi, Kumiko Ishibashi, Keiichiro Matoba, Daiji Kawanami, Tamotsu Yokota, Naoko Tajima, Kazunori Utsunomiya (September 2013). "The Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil restores normal motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetic rats by assuring the proper localization of adhesion-related molecules in myelinating Schwann cells". Experimental Neurology 247: 438–446. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.012. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Electrophysiological characteristics of the pediatric femoral nerve and their use in clinical diagnosis.

Wang L1, Hu Y2, Jiang L3, Zhong X1, Chen J1, Xu N1.Author information 1Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China.2Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China. Electronic address: huyue915@163.com.3Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.AbstractOBJECTIVE: To explore the electrophysiological characteristics of the pediatric femoral nerve at different ages.
Pediatric neurology.Pediatr Neurol.2014 Feb;50(2):149-57. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.10.011. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the electrophysiological characteristics of the pediatric femoral nerve at different ages.METHODS: Surface electrodes were used to detect femoral nerve conduction in 163 healthy children aged 0-14 years recruited to this study and divided into six age groups. Based on the range
PMID 24315541

Intravenous immunoglobulin preparation attenuates neurological signs in rat experimental autoimmune neuritis with the suppression of macrophage inflammatory protein -1α expression.

Kajii M1, Kobayashi F2, Kashihara J2, Yuuki T2, Kubo Y2, Nakae T2, Kamizono A2, Kuzumoto Y3, Kusunoki S3.Author information 1Central Research Laboratory, Japan Blood Products Organization, Japan. Electronic address: kajii-masahiko@jbpo.or.jp.2Central Research Laboratory, Japan Blood Products Organization, Japan.3Department of Neurology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Japan.AbstractTo clarify the mechanism of action of an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparation in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, the effects of IVIG were investigated using an experimental autoimmune neuropathy model in the rat. IVIG significantly suppressed the progression of neurologic signs and sciatic nerve conduction velocity with the inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration, mainly of macrophages, to the peripheral nerves. A significant suppressive effect on the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α (MIP-1α) was simultaneously observed in the nerves. These results suggest that IVIG is effective for inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy by inhibiting the chemotactic factor of macrophages.
Journal of neuroimmunology.J Neuroimmunol.2014 Jan 15;266(1-2):43-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.10.011. Epub 2013 Nov 7.
To clarify the mechanism of action of an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparation in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, the effects of IVIG were investigated using an experimental autoimmune neuropathy model in the rat. IVIG significantly suppressed the progression of neurologic
PMID 24262701

Effects of natriuretic peptides on electrical conduction in the sinoatrial node and atrial myocardium of the heart.

Azer J, Hua R, Krishnaswamy PS, Rose RA.Author information Dalhousie University, Canada.AbstractNatriuretic peptides, including BNP and CNP, are powerful regulators of the cardiovascular system; however, their electrophysiological effects in the heart, particularly in the sinoatrial node (SAN), are incompletely understood. We have used high resolution optical mapping to measure the effects of BNP and CNP, and the roles of natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR-A, NPR-B and NPR-C), on electrical conduction within the SAN and atrial myocardium. In basal conditions BNP and CNP (50-500 nM) increased conduction velocity (CV) within the SAN by ~30% at the high dose and shifted the initial exit site superiorly. These effects sped conduction from the SAN to the surrounding atrial myocardium and were mediated by the NPR-A and NPR-B receptors. In the presence of isoproterenol (ISO; 1 μM) the NPR-C receptor made a major contribution to the effects of BNP and CNP in the heart. In these conditions BNP, CNP and the NPR-C agonist cANF each decreased SAN CV and shifted the initial exit site inferiorly. The effects of cANF (30% reduction) were larger than BNP or CNP (~15% reduction) indicating that BNP and CNP activate multiple NPRs. In support of this, the inhibitory effects of BNP were absent in NPR-C knockout mice, where BNP instead elicited a further increase (~25%) in CV. Measurements in externally paced atrial preparations demonstrate that the effects of NPs on CV are partially independent of changes in cycle length. These data provide detailed novel insight into the complex effects of natriuretic peptides and their receptors on electrical conduction in the heart.
The Journal of physiology.J Physiol.2014 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print]
Natriuretic peptides, including BNP and CNP, are powerful regulators of the cardiovascular system; however, their electrophysiological effects in the heart, particularly in the sinoatrial node (SAN), are incompletely understood. We have used high resolution optical mapping to measure the effects of
PMID 24344164

Japanese Journal

Characteristics of Electron Conduction in a Gas under a Quadrupole Magnetic Field and Radio-Frequency Electric Fields

Sugawara Hirotake
Jpn J Appl Phys 52(5), 056101-056101-5, 2013-05-25
… Electron conduction in CF<inf>4</inf>under a simplified model quadrupole magnetic field (QMF) and rf electric fields at f = 13.56, 27.12, and 40.68 MHz was analyzed using a Monte Carlo method, following the manner of electron swarm analyses. … The electron conduction therein was focused on as an elemental process of plasma power deposition. … The effective electron conductivity quantified as the amplitude of mean electron velocity was high around the central axis. …
NAID 150000106852

Characteristics of Electron Conduction in a Gas under a Quadrupole Magnetic Field and Radio-Frequency Electric Fields

Sugawara Hirotake
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 52, 056101, 2013-05-00
… Electron conduction in CF4 under a simplified model quadrupole magnetic field (QMF) and rf electric fields at f ¼ 13:56, 27.12, and 40.68MHz wasanalyzed using a Monte Carlo method, following the manner of electron swarm analyses. … The electron conduction therein was focused on as an elemental process of plasmapower deposition. … The effective electronconductivity quantified as the amplitude of mean electron velocity was high around the central axis. …
NAID 120005333612

Performance Comparison of InAs, InSb, and GaSb n-Channel Nanowire Metal--Oxide--Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors in the Ballistic Transport Limit

Shimoida Kenta,Tsuchiya Hideaki,Kamakura Yoshinari,Mori Nobuya,Ogawa Matsuto
Applied Physics Express 6(3), 034301-034301-4, 2013-03-25
… On the other hand, GaSb NWs have multiple energy subbands at conduction band minima, as a result of the projection of L-valleys which thus improves the DOS. … In particular, a \langle 110\rangle-oriented GaSb NW has an improved DOS and a high electron velocity simultaneously, and thus, it could be a strong competitor to In-based NWFETs. …
NAID 150000106413

Related Pictures

Axonal Conduction Velocity Measurement —BIO-PROTOCOL Example of calculating the motor nerve conduction velocity. This figure | Download Neuron PPT - ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND MOTOR NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY PowerPoint Presentation Conduction velocity matrices when coupling strength is static and | Download Lab 9: Conduction Velocity of Nerves - OpenWetWare PPT - CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME Nerve Conduction Study PowerPoint Presentation - ID:731195

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