WordNet

atmospheric moisture that has condensed because of cold (同)condensate
the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state
a shortened version of a written work (同)abridgement, abridgment, capsule
(psychoanalysis) an unconscious process whereby two ideas or images combine into a single symbol; especially in dreams
the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes (同)chromatin granule

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〈U〉(気体から液体・固体への)凝縮,凝結,(液体の)濃縮 / 〈C〉凝縮(濃縮)されたもの / 〈U〉〈C〉(思想・表現・物語などの)縮約;縮約されたもの
染色質(細胞核にある染色しやすい物質)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/06/15 11:49:16」(JST)

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Prophase, from the ancient Greek πρό (before) and φάσις (stage), is a stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into double rod-shaped structures called chromosomes in which the chromatin becomes visible. This process, called chromatin condensation, is mediated by the condensin complex. Since the genetic material has been replicated in the prior interphase of the cell cycle, there are two identical copies of each chromosome in the cell. Those copies are called sister chromatids and they are attached to each other at a DNA element present on every chromosome called the centromere. Also during prophase, giemsa staining can be applied to elicit G-banding in chromosomes.

Also, during prophase, proceeding the condensation of the chromosomes, the tiny nucleolus found in the nucleus disappears.^[1]

An important organelle in mitosis is the centrosome, the microtubule organizing center in metazoans. During prophase, the two centrosomes, which replicate independently of mitosis, have their microtubule-activity increased due to the recruitment of γ-tubulin. The centrosomes will be pushed apart to opposite ends of the cell nucleus by the action of molecular motors acting on the microtubules.

Basically, the chromatin in the nucleus coils into chromosomes. The nucleolus disintegrates and the centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell, forming a bridge of spindle fibers.

In prometaphase, the next step of mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks apart and the chromosomes are captured by the microtubules.

^[2]

References

^ Mader, Sylvia (2010). Biology. The McGraw Hill Companies. pp. 156. ISBN 978-0-07-352543-3.
^ "Section 1. The Biology of the Plant Cell – 3. The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle". Biology of plants. 2005. pp. 58–67. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3. LCCN 2004053303. OCLC 56051064. http://books.google.com/?id=8tz2aB1-jb4C&pg=PA58.

External links

Prophase at Online Biology Dictionary

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Prophase

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English Journal

Role of Histone Acetylation in Cell Cycle Regulation.

Koprinarova M1, Schnekenburger M, Diederich M.
Current topics in medicinal chemistry.Curr Top Med Chem.2016;16(7):732-44.
Core histone acetylation is a key prerequisite for chromatin decondensation and plays a pivotal role in regulation of chromatin structure, function and dynamics. The addition of acetyl groups disturbs histone/DNA interactions in the nucleosome and alters histone/histone interactions in the same or a
PMID 26303420

Sonocatalytic injury of cancer cells attached on the surface of a nickel-titanium dioxide alloy plate.

Ninomiya K1, Maruyama H2, Ogino C3, Takahashi K4, Shimizu N5.
Ultrasonics sonochemistry.Ultrason Sonochem.2016 Jan;28:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.06.015. Epub 2015 Jun 19.
The present study demonstrates ultrasound-induced cell injury using a nickel-titanium dioxide (Ni-TiO2) alloy plate as a sonocatalyst and a cell culture surface. Ultrasound irradiation of cell-free Ni-TiO2 alloy plates with 1MHz ultrasound at 0.5W/cm(2) for 30s led to an increased generation of hydr
PMID 26384876

C1q/TNF-Related Protein 9 (CTRP9) attenuates hepatic steatosis via the autophagy-mediated inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Jung TW1, Hong HC1, Hwang HJ1, Yoo HJ1, Baik SH1, Choi KM2.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2015 Dec 5;417:131-40. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.027. Epub 2015 Sep 28.
C1q/TNF-Related Protein (CTRP) 9, the closest paralog of adiponectin, has been reported to protect against diet-induced obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We explored the protective effect of CTRP9 against hepatic s
PMID 26419929

Japanese Journal

Induction of Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells by β-1,3-Xylooligosaccharides Prepared from Caulerpa lentillifera

MAEDA Reiko,IDA Tomoaki,IHARA Hideshi [他],SAKAMOTO Tatsuji
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 76(5), 1032-1034, 2012-05-23
… The oligosaccharides reduced the number of viable human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and induced chromatin condensation and degradation of poly ADP-ribose polymerase, indicating that they induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. …
NAID 10030753273

Apoptosis-dependent externalization and involvement in apoptotic cell clearance of DmCaBP1, an endoplasmic reticulum protein of Drosophila

Okada Ryo,Nagaosa Kazushige,Kuraishi Takayuki,Nakayama Hiroshi,Yamamoto Naoko,Nakagawa Yukiko,Dohmae Naoshi,Shiratsuchi Akiko,Nakanishi Yoshinobu
Journal of Biological Chemistry 287(5), 3138-3146, 2012-01-27
… DmCaBP1 was externalized without truncation after the induction of apoptosis somewhat prior to chromatin condensation and DNA cleavage in a manner dependent on the activity of caspases. …
NAID 120003959460

In Vitro Antimetastatic Activity of Koetjapic Acid against Breast Cancer Cells

Nassar Zeyad D.,Aisha Abdalrahim F. A.,Al Suede Fouad Saleih R. [他],Abdul Majid Aman Shah,Abdul Majid Amin Malik Shah
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35(4), 503-508, 2012
… early and late apoptosis-related changes were detected, including the stimulation of caspase 3/7 activities, apoptosis-related morphological changes such as membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. …
NAID 130001872197