For the band, see Cay (band). For the volcano, see Cay (volcano).
"Cayes" redirects here. For the city in Haiti, see Les Cayes.
A cay (// or //), also spelled caye or key, is a small, low-elevation, sandy island formed on the surface of a coral reef. Cays occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including in the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they can provide habitable and agricultural land for hundreds of thousands of people. Their surrounding reef ecosystems also provide food and building materials for island inhabitants.
Contents
- 1 Formation and composition
- 2 Development and stability
- 3 Examples
- 4 See also
- 5 References
Formation and composition[edit source | edit]
Cay sand under an optical microscope
A cay is formed when ocean currents transport loose sediment across the surface of a reef to a depositional node, where the current slows or converges with another current, releasing its sediment load. Gradually, layers of deposited sediment build up on the reef surface.[1][2] Such nodes occur in windward or leeward areas of reef where surfaces sometimes occur around an emergent outcrop of old reef or beach rock.
The island resulting from sediment accumulation is made up almost entirely of biogenic sediment – the skeletal remains of plants and animals – from the surrounding reef ecosystems.[3] If the accumulated sediments are predominantly sand, then the island is called a cay; if they are predominantly gravel, the island is called a motu.
Cay sediments are largely composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), primarily of aragonite, calcite, and high magnesium calcite. They are produced by myriad plants (e.g., coralline algae, species of the green algae Halimeda) and animals (e.g., coral, molluscs, foraminifera). Small amounts of silicate sediment are also contributed by sponges and other creatures.[4][5][6][7] Over time, soil and vegetation may develop on a cay surface, assisted by the deposition of sea bird guano.
Development and stability[edit source | edit]
A range of physical, biological and chemical influences determines the ongoing development or erosion of cay environments. These influences include: the extent of reef surface sand accumulations, changes in ocean waves, currents, tides, sea levels and weather conditions, the shape of the underlying reef, the types and abundance of carbonate producing biota and other organisms such as binders, bioeroders and bioturbators (creatures which bind, erode and mix sediments) living in surrounding reef ecosystems.[8][9]
Significant changes in cays and their surrounding ecosystems can result from natural phenomena such as severe El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles. Also, tropical cyclones can help build or destroy these islands.[10][11]
There is much debate and concern over the future stability of cays in the face of growing human populations and pressures on reef ecosystems, and predicted climate changes and sea level rise.[12][13] There is also debate around whether these islands are relict features which effectively stopped expanding two thousand years ago during the late Holocene or, as recent research suggests, they are currently still growing with significant new additions of reef sediments.[14]
Understanding the potential for change in the sediment sources and supply of cay beaches with environmental change is an important key to predicting their present and future stability. Despite, or perhaps because of all the debate around the future of cays, there is consensus that these island environments are very complex and somewhat fragile.
Examples[edit source | edit]
Warraber Island, Torres Strait
Examples of cays include:
- Heron Island, a coral cay on the southern Great Barrier Reef
- Warraber Island in central Torres Strait (10°12' S, 142°49' E), Australia, a small ‘vegetated sand cay’ according to the classification schemes of McLean and Stoddart (1978)[15] and Hopley (1982).[3] Approximately 750 by 1500 m wide, this island is situated on the leeward surface of a large 11 km2 emergent reef platform. This cay and the surrounding reef flat are Holocene in origin, having formed over an antecedent Pleistocene platform.[16]
- The Florida Keys are composed primarily of exposed ancient coral reefs and oolite beds formed behind reefs. A few of the Florida Keys, such as Sand Key, are "cays" as defined above.
- Tobacco Caye, Dangriga, Belize
- Prickly Pear Cays
- Rama Cay, Nicaragua
See also[edit source | edit]
References[edit source | edit]
- ^ Hopley, D. (1981). "Sediment movement around a coral cay, Great Barrier Reef, Australia". Pacific Geology 15: 17–36.
- ^ Gourlay, M.R. (1988) "Coral cays: products of wave action and geological processes in a biogenic environment" pp. 497–502. In Choat, J.H. et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 2: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.
- ^ a b Hopley, D. (1982) The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef – Quaternary Development of Coral Reefs. Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York, ISBN 0471045624.
- ^ Chave, K. (1964) "Skeletal Durability and Preservation". In: J. Imbrie and N. Newell (Eds.), Approaches to Palaeoecology. John Wiley and Sons Inc., Sydney.
- ^ Folk, R. and Robles, P. (1964). "Carbonate sands of Isla Perez, Alacran Reef Complex, Yucatan". Journal of Geology 72 (3): 255–292. doi:10.1086/626986. JSTOR 30075161.
- ^ Scoffin, T.P. (1987) Introduction to Carbonate Sediments and Rocks. Blackwell, Glasgow, ISBN 0216917891.
- ^ Yamano, H., Miyajima, T. and Koike, I. (2000). "Importance of foraminifera for the formation and maintenance of a coral sand cay: Green Island, Australia". Coral Reefs 19: 51. doi:10.1007/s003380050226.
- ^ Harney, J.N. and Fletcher, C.H. (2003). "A budget of carbonate framework and sediment production, Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaii". Journal of Sedimentary Research 73 (6): 856–868. doi:10.1306/051503730856.
- ^ Hart, D.E. and Kench, P.S. (2006). "Carbonate production of an emergent reef platform, Warraber Island, Torres Strait, Australia". Coral Reefs 26: 53. doi:10.1007/s00338-006-0168-8. hdl:10092/312.
- ^ Scoffin, T.P. (1993). "The geological effects of hurricanes on coral reefs and the interpretation of storm deposits". Coral Reefs 12 (3–4): 203–221. doi:10.1007/BF00334480.
- ^ Woodroffe, C.D. (2003) Coasts: Form, Process and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0521011833.
- ^ Kench, P.S. and Cowell, P. (2002). "Erosion of low-lying reef islands". TIEMPO 46: 6–12.
- ^ Hart, D.E. (2003) "The importance of Sea-Level in an Inter-Tidal Reef Platform System, Warraber Island, Torres Strait". Proceedings of the 22nd Biennial New Zealand Geographical Society Conference, Auckland, 2003. pp 77–81.
- ^ Woodroffe, C.D., Samosorn, B., Hua, Q. and Hart, D. E. (2007). "Incremental accretion of a sandy reef island over the past 3000 years indicated by component-specific radiocarbon dating". Geophysical Research Letters 34 (3). doi:10.1029/2006GL028875.
- ^ McLean, R. and Stoddart, D. (1978). "Reef island sediments of the northern Great Barrier Reef". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 291 (1378): 101. doi:10.1098/rsta.1978.0093. JSTOR 75221.
- ^ Woodroffe, C.D., Kennedy, D.M., Hopley, D., Rasmussen, C.E. and Smithers, S.G. (2000). "Holocene reef growth in Torres Strait". Marine Geology 170 (3–4): 331–346. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00094-3.
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Corals and coral reefs
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| Stony corals |
- Scleractinia
- Blue coral
- Brain coral
- Elkhorn coral
- Hermatypic coral
- Pillar coral
- Staghorn coral
- Table coral
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| Soft corals |
- Alcyonacea
- Black coral
- Bamboo coral
- Organ pipe coral
- Sea fans
- Sea pens
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| Coral reefs |
- Atoll reef
- Cay
- Fringing reef
- Microatoll
- Coral reef fish
- Census of Coral Reefs
- The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
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| Coral regions |
- Deep-water coral
- Andros, Bahamas
- Belize Barrier Reef
- Coral Sea Islands
- Coral Triangle
- Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
- Great Barrier Reef
- Maldives
- Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
- New Caledonia Barrier Reef
- Pulley Ridge
- Raja Ampat Islands
- Red Sea
- Southeast Asian coral reefs
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| Coral diseases |
- Coral bleaching
- Black band disease
- Skeletal eroding band
- White band disease
- White pox disease
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| Protection |
- Coral Reef Alliance
- Coral reef protection
- Green Fins
- International Society for Reef Studies
- Project AWARE
- Reef Check
- Reef Ball
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| Other |
- Artificial reef
- Coral aquaculture
- Coral dermatitis
- Coral (precious)
- Coral rag
- Coral reef organizations
- Coral sand
- Coralline algae
- Human impact
- Fire coral
- Reef resilience
- Rugosa (extinct)
- Symbiodinium
- Tabulate (extinct)
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Coordinates: 10°12′S 142°49′E / 10.200°S 142.817°E / -10.200; 142.817
