| Catalase |
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| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
Catalase |
| Pfam |
PF00199 |
| InterPro |
IPR011614 |
| PROSITE |
PDOC00395 |
| SCOP |
7cat |
| SUPERFAMILY |
7cat |
| OPM superfamily |
435 |
| OPM protein |
3e4w |
| CDD |
cd00328 |
| Available protein structures: |
| Pfam |
structures |
| PDB |
RCSB PDB; PDBe |
| PDBsum |
structure summary |
|
| Catalase |
| Identifiers |
| EC number |
1.11.1.6 |
| CAS number |
9001-05-2 |
| Databases |
| IntEnz |
IntEnz view |
| BRENDA |
BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy |
NiceZyme view |
| KEGG |
KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc |
metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM |
profile |
| PDB structures |
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology |
AmiGO / EGO |
| Search |
| PMC |
articles |
| PubMed |
articles |
| NCBI |
proteins |
|
| Catalase |
PDB rendering based on 1dgb. |
| Available structures |
| PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
| List of PDB id codes |
|
1DGB, 1DGF, 1DGG, 1DGH, 1F4J, 1QQW
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|
|
| Identifiers |
| Symbols |
CAT; MGC138422; MGC138424 |
| External IDs |
OMIM: 115500 MGI: 88271 HomoloGene: 55514 GeneCards: CAT Gene |
| EC number |
1.11.1.6 |
| Gene Ontology |
| Molecular function |
• aminoacylase activity
• catalase activity
• receptor binding
• antioxidant activity
• oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor
• enzyme binding
• heme binding
• protein homodimerization activity
• metal ion binding
• NADP binding
|
| Cellular component |
• mitochondrial intermembrane space
• lysosome
• peroxisome
• peroxisomal membrane
• peroxisomal matrix
• endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• cytosol
• plasma membrane
|
| Biological process |
• response to reactive oxygen species
• response to hypoxia
• purine nucleobase metabolic process
• purine nucleotide catabolic process
• triglyceride metabolic process
• cholesterol metabolic process
• aerobic respiration
• UV protection
• positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade
• hemoglobin metabolic process
• negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
• response to vitamin E
• menopause
• hydrogen peroxide catabolic process
• negative regulation of apoptotic process
• small molecule metabolic process
• positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
• protein tetramerization
• protein homotetramerization
• positive regulation of cell division
• nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process
• response to hyperoxia
• cellular response to growth factor stimulus
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| Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
|
| RNA expression pattern |
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| More reference expression data |
| Orthologs |
| Species |
Human |
Mouse |
|
| Entrez |
847 |
12359 |
|
| Ensembl |
ENSG00000121691 |
ENSMUSG00000027187 |
|
| UniProt |
P04040 |
P24270 |
|
| RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_001752.3 |
NM_009804.2 |
|
| RefSeq (protein) |
NP_001743.1 |
NP_033934.2 |
|
| Location (UCSC) |
Chr 11:
34.46 – 34.49 Mb |
Chr 2:
103.45 – 103.49 Mb |
|
| PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen. It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.[1] It is a very important enzyme in reproductive reactions. Likewise, catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one catalase molecule can convert millions of molecules of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen each second.[2]
Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 amino acids long.[3] It contains four porphyrin heme (iron) groups that allow the enzyme to react with the hydrogen peroxide. The optimum pH for human catalase is approximately 7,[4] and has a fairly broad maximum (the rate of reaction does not change appreciably at pHs between 6.8 and 7.5).[5] The pH optimum for other catalases varies between 4 and 11 depending on the species.[6] The optimum temperature also varies by species.[7]
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Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Action
- 3 Molecular mechanism
- 4 Cellular role
- 5 Distribution among organisms
- 6 Applications
- 6.1 Catalase test
- 6.2 Gray hair
- 7 Interactions
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
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History
Catalase was first noticed in 1811 when Louis Jacques Thénard, who discovered H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), suggested its breakdown is caused by an unknown substance. In 1900, Oscar Loew was the first to give it the name catalase, and found it in many plants and animals.[8] In 1937 catalase from beef liver was crystallised by James B. Sumner and Alexander Dounce[9] and the molecular weight was worked out in 1938.[10]
In 1969, the amino acid sequence of bovine catalase was worked out.[11] Then in 1981, the three-dimensional structure of the protein was revealed.[12]
Action
The reaction of catalase in the decomposition of living tissue:
- 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
The presence of catalase in a microbial or tissue sample can be tested by adding a volume of hydrogen peroxide and observing the reaction. The formation of bubbles, oxygen, indicates a positive result. This easy assay, which can be seen with the naked eye, without the aid of instruments, is possible because catalase has a very high specific activity, which produces a detectable response.
Molecular mechanism
While the complete mechanism of catalase is not currently known,[13] the reaction is believed to occur in two stages:
- H2O2 + Fe(III)-E → H2O + O=Fe(IV)-E(.+)
- H2O2 + O=Fe(IV)-E(.+) → H2O + Fe(III)-E + O2[13]
- Here Fe()-E represents the iron center of the heme group attached to the enzyme. Fe(IV)-E(.+) is a mesomeric form of Fe(V)-E, meaning the iron is not completely oxidized to +V, but receives some "supporting electrons" from the heme ligand. This heme has to be drawn then as a radical cation (.+).
As hydrogen peroxide enters the active site, it interacts with the amino acids Asn147 (asparagine at position 147) and His74, causing a proton (hydrogen ion) to transfer between the oxygen atoms. The free oxygen atom coordinates, freeing the newly formed water molecule and Fe(IV)=O. Fe(IV)=O reacts with a second hydrogen peroxide molecule to reform Fe(III)-E and produce water and oxygen.[13] The reactivity of the iron center may be improved by the presence of the phenolate ligand of Tyr357 in the fifth iron ligand, which can assist in the oxidation of the Fe(III) to Fe(IV). The efficiency of the reaction may also be improved by the interactions of His74 and Asn147 with reaction intermediates.[13] In general, the rate of the reaction can be determined by the Michaelis-Menten equation.[14]
Catalase can also catalyze the oxidation, by hydrogen peroxide, of various metabolites and toxins, including formaldehyde, formic acid, phenols, acetaldehyde and alcohols. It does so according to the following reaction:
- H2O2 + H2R → 2H2O + R
The exact mechanism of this reaction is not known.
Any heavy metal ion (such as copper cations in copper(II) sulfate) can act as a noncompetitive inhibitor of catalase. Also, the poison cyanide is a competitive inhibitor of catalase, strongly binding to the heme of catalase and stopping the enzyme's action.
Three-dimensional protein structures of the peroxidated catalase intermediates are available at the Protein Data Bank. This enzyme is commonly used in laboratories as a tool for learning the effect of enzymes upon reaction rates.
Cellular role
Hydrogen peroxide is a harmful byproduct of many normal metabolic processes; to prevent damage to cells and tissues, it must be quickly converted into other, less dangerous substances. To this end, catalase is frequently used by cells to rapidly catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into less-reactive gaseous oxygen and water molecules.[15]
The true biological significance of catalase is not always straightforward to assess: Mice genetically engineered to lack catalase are phenotypically normal, indicating this enzyme is dispensable in animals under some conditions.[16] A catalase deficiency may increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.[17][18] Some humans have very low levels of catalase (acatalasia), yet show few ill effects. The predominant scavengers of H2O2 in normal mammalian cells are likely peroxiredoxins rather than catalase.[citation needed]
Human catalase works at an optimum temperature of 37°C,[5] which is approximately the temperature of the human body. In contrast, catalase isolated from the hyperthermophile archaea Pyrobaculum calidifontis has a temperature optimum of 90°C.[19]
Catalase is usually located in a cellular, bipolar environment organelle called the peroxisome.[20] Peroxisomes in plant cells are involved in photorespiration (the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (the breaking apart of diatomic nitrogen (N2) to reactive nitrogen atoms). Hydrogen peroxide is used as a potent antimicrobial agent when cells are infected with a pathogen. Catalase-positive pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, and Campylobacter jejuni, make catalase to deactivate the peroxide radicals, thus allowing them to survive unharmed within the host.[21]
Catalase contributes to ethanol metabolism in the body after ingestion of alcohol, but it only breaks down a small fraction of the alcohol in the body.[22]
Distribution among organisms
All known animals use catalase in every organ, with particularly high concentrations occurring in the liver[citation needed]. One unique use of catalase occurs in the bombardier beetle. This beetle has two sets of chemicals ordinarily stored separately in its paired glands. The larger of the pair, the storage chamber or reservoir, contains hydroquinones and hydrogen peroxide, whereas the smaller of the pair, the reaction chamber, contains catalases and peroxidases. To activate the noxious spray, the beetle mixes the contents of the two compartments, causing oxygen to be liberated from hydrogen peroxide. The oxygen oxidizes the hydroquinones and also acts as the propellant.[23] The oxidation reaction is very exothermic (ΔH = −202.8 kJ/mol) which rapidly heats the mixture to the boiling point.[24]
Catalase is also universal among plants, and many fungi are also high producers of the enzyme.[25]
Almost all aerobic microorganisms use catalase. It is also present in some anaerobic microorganisms, such as Methanosarcina barkeri.[26]
Applications
Catalase is used in the food industry for removing hydrogen peroxide from milk prior to cheese production.[27] Another use is in food wrappers where it prevents food from oxidizing.[28] Catalase is also used in the textile industry, removing hydrogen peroxide from fabrics to make sure the material is peroxide-free.[29]
A minor use is in contact lens hygiene - a few lens-cleaning products disinfect the lens using a hydrogen peroxide solution; a solution containing catalase is then used to decompose the hydrogen peroxide before the lens is used again.[30] Recently, catalase has also begun to be used in the aesthetics industry. Several mask treatments combine the enzyme with hydrogen peroxide on the face with the intent of increasing cellular oxygenation in the upper layers of the epidermis.
Catalase test
The catalase test is also one of the main three tests used by microbiologists to identify species of bacteria. The presence of catalase enzyme in the test isolate is detected using hydrogen peroxide. If the bacteria possess catalase (i.e., are catalase-positive), when a small amount of bacterial isolate is added to hydrogen peroxide, bubbles of oxygen are observed.
The catalase test is done by placing a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a microscope slide. Using an applicator stick, a scientist touches the colony, and then smears a sample into the hydrogen peroxide drop.
- If the mixture produces bubbles or froth, the organism is said to be 'catalase-positive'. Staphylococci[31] and Micrococci[32] are catalase-positive. Other catalase-positive organisms include Listeria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Burkholderia cepacia, Nocardia, the family Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Shigella, Yersinia, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, Pseudomonas), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus.
- If not, the organism is 'catalase-negative'. Streptococcus[33] and Enterococcus spp. are catalase-negative.
While the catalase test alone cannot identify a particular organism, combined with other tests, such as antibiotic resistance, it can aid identification. The presence of catalase in bacterial cells depends on both the growth condition and the medium used to grow the cells.
Capillary tubes may also be used. A small amount of bacteria is collected on the end of the capillary tube (it is essential to ensure that the end is not blocked, otherwise it may present a false negative). The opposite end is then dipped into hydrogen peroxide which will draw up the liquid (through capillary action), and turned upside down, so the bacterial end is closest to the bench. A few taps of the arm should then move the hydrogen peroxide closer to the bacteria. When the hydrogen peroxide and bacteria are touching, bubbles may begin to rise, giving a positive catalase result.
Gray hair
According to recent scientific studies, low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process of human hair. Hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by the body and catalase breaks it down. If catalase levels decline, hydrogen peroxide cannot be broken down as well. This allows the hydrogen peroxide to bleach the hair from the inside out. This finding may someday be incorporated into treatments for graying hair.[34][35][36]
Interactions
Catalase has been shown to interact with the ABL2[37] and Abl genes.[37]
See also
- Enzyme kinetics
- Peroxidases
- Superoxide dismutase
References
- ^ Chelikani P, Fita I, Loewen PC (January 2004). "Diversity of structures and properties among catalases". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 (2): 192–208. doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3206-5. PMID 14745498.
- ^ Goodsell DS (2004-09-01). "Catalase". Molecule of the Month. RCSB Protein Data Bank. http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb57_1.html. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
- ^ Boon EM, Downs A, Marcey D. "Catalase: H2O2: H2O2 Oxidoreductase". Catalase Structural Tutorial Text. http://biology.kenyon.edu/BMB/Chime/catalase/frames/cattx.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
- ^ Maehly A, Chance B (1954). "The assay of catalases and peroxidases". Methods Biochem Anal. Methods of Biochemical Analysis 1: 357–424. doi:10.1002/9780470110171.ch14. ISBN 978-0-470-11017-1. PMID 13193536.
- ^ a b Aebi H (1984). Aebi, Hugo. ed. "Catalase in vitro". Meth. Enzymol.. Methods in Enzymology 105: 121–126. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3. ISBN 0-12-182005-X. PMID 6727660.
- ^ "EC 1.11.1.6 - catalase". BRENDA: The Comprehensive Enzyme Information System. Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig. http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=1.11.1.6&Suchword=&organism%5B%5D=&show_tm=0. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ Toner K, Sojka G, Ellis R. "A Quantitative Enzyme Study; CATALASE". bucknell.edu. Archived from the original on 2000-06-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20000612104029/http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/toner/gb/lab121/labs34.html. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
- ^ Loew O (May 1900). "A New Enzyme of General Occurrence in Organisms". Science 11 (279): 701–702. doi:10.1126/science.11.279.701. PMID 17751716.
- ^ Sumner JB, Dounce AL (April 1937). "Crystalline catalase". Science 85 (2206): 366–367. doi:10.1126/science.85.2206.366. PMID 17776781.
- ^ Sumner JB, Gralén N (March 1938). "The molecular weight of crystalline catalase". Science 87 (2256): 284–284. doi:10.1126/science.87.2256.284. PMID 17831682.
- ^ Schroeder WA, Shelton JR, Shelton JB, Robberson B, Apell G (May 1969). "The amino acid sequence of bovine liver catalase: a preliminary report". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 131 (2): 653–655. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(69)90441-X. PMID 4892021.
- ^ Murthy MR, Reid TJ, Sicignano A, Tanaka N, Rossmann MG (October 1981). "Structure of beef liver catalase". J. Mol. Biol. 152 (2): 465–499. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90254-0. PMID 7328661.
- ^ a b c d Boon EM, Downs A, Marcey D. "Proposed Mechanism of Catalase". Catalase: H2O2: H2O2 Oxidoreductase: Catalase Structural Tutorial. http://biology.kenyon.edu/BMB/Chime/catalase/frames/cattx.htm#Proposed%20Mechanism%20of%20Catalase. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
- ^ Maass E (1998-07-19). "How does the concentration of hydrogen peroxide affect the reaction". MadSci Network. http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/aug98/900981784.Bc.r.html. Retrieved 009-03-02.
- ^ Gaetani G, Ferraris A, Rolfo M, Mangerini R, Arena S, Kirkman H (1996). "Predominant role of catalase in the disposal of hydrogen peroxide within human erythrocytes". Blood 87 (4): 1595–9. PMID 8608252.
- ^ Ho YS, Xiong Y, Ma W, Spector A, Ho D (2004). "Mice Lacking Catalase Develop Normally but Show Differential Sensitivity to Oxidant Tissue Injury". J Biol Chem 279 (31): 32804–32812. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404800200. PMID 15178682.
- ^ László Góth, Ágota Lenkey, William N. Bigler (2001). "Blood Catalase Deficiency and Diabetes in Hungary". Diabetes Care 24 (10): 1839–1840. doi:10.2337/diacare.24.10.1839. PMID 11574451. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/24/10/1839.full.
- ^ László Góth (2008). "Catalase Deficiency and Type 2 Diabetes". Diabetes Care 24 (10): e93–e93. doi:10.2337/dc08-1607. PMID 19033415. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/12/e93.full.
- ^ Amo T, Atomi H, Imanaka T (June 2002). "Unique presence of a manganese catalase in a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrobaculum calidifontis VA1". J. Bacteriol. 184 (12): 3305–3312. doi:10.1128/JB.184.12.3305-3312.2002. PMC 135111. PMID 12029047. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC135111/.
- ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). "Peroxisomes". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=catalase&rid=mboc4.section.2194.
- ^ Srinivasa Rao PS, Yamada Y, Leung KY (September 2003). "A major catalase (KatB) that is required for resistance to H2O2 and phagocyte-mediated killing in Edwardsiella tarda". Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) 149 (Pt 9): 2635–2644. doi:10.1099/mic.0.26478-0. PMID 12949187.
- ^ http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm
- ^ Eisner T, Aneshansley DJ (August 1999). "Spray aiming in the bombardier beetle: photographic evidence". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (17): 9705–9709. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.17.9705. PMC 22274. PMID 10449758. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10449758.
- ^ Beheshti N, McIntosh AC (2006). Int. Journal of Design & Nature 1 (1): 1–9. http://www.heveliusforum.org/Artykuly/Biomimetics.pdf.
- ^ Isobe K, Inoue N, Takamatsu Y, Kamada K, Wakao N (January 2006). "Production of catalase by fungi growing at low pH and high temperature". J. Biosci. Bioeng. 101 (1): 73–76. doi:10.1263/jbb.101.73. PMID 16503295.
- ^ Brioukhanov AL, Netrusov AI, Eggen RI (June 2006). "The catalase and superoxide dismutase genes are transcriptionally up-regulated upon oxidative stress in the strictly anaerobic archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri". Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) 152 (Pt 6): 1671–1677. doi:10.1099/mic.0.28542-0. PMID 16735730.
- ^ "Catalase". Worthington Enzyme Manual. Worthington Biochemical Corporation. http://www.worthington-biochem.com/CTL/default.html. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ Hengge A (1999-03-16). "Re: how is catalase used in industry?". General Biology. MadSci Network. http://madsci.org/posts/archives/mar99/921636249.Gb.r.html. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ "textile industry". Case study 228. International Cleaner Production Information Clearinghouse. http://www.p2pays.org/ref/11/10842.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ US patent 5521091, Cook JN, Worsley JL, "Compositions and method for destroying hydrogen peroxide on contact lens", issued 1996-05-28
- ^ Rollins DM (2000-08-01). "Bacterial Pathogen List". BSCI 424 Pathogenic Microbiology. University of Maryland. http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/pathogendescriptions/PathogenList.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ Johnson M. "Catalase Production". Biochemical Tests. Mesa Community College. http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~johnson/labtools/Dbiochem/cat.html. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ Fox A. "Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococci". University of South Carolina. http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/strep-staph.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ "Why Hair Turns Gray Is No Longer A Gray Area: Our Hair Bleaches Itself As We Grow Older". Science News. ScienceDaily. 2009-02-24. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090223131123.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ Hitti M (2009-02-25). "Why Hair Goes Gray". Health News. WebMD. http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/news/20090225/why-hair-goes-gray. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ Wood JM, Decker H, Hartmann H, Chavan B, Rokos H, Spencer JD, Hasse S, Thornton MJ, Shalbaf M, Paus R, Schallreuter KU (February 2009). "Senile hair graying: H2O2-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair color by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair". FASEB J. 23 (7): 2065–2075. doi:10.1096/fj.08-125435. PMID 19237503.
- ^ a b Cao, Cheng; Leng Yumei, Kufe Donald (Aug. 2003). "Catalase activity is regulated by c-Abl and Arg in the oxidative stress response". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 278 (32): 29667–29675. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301292200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12777400.
External links
- "GenAge entry for CAT (Homo sapiens)". Human Ageing Genomic Resources. http://genomics.senescence.info/genes/entry.php?hugo=CAT. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- "Catalase". MadSci FAQ. madsci.org. http://madsci.org/FAQs/catalase.html. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- "Catalase and oxidase test video". Regnvm Prokaryotae. http://www.tgw1916.net/video_pages/catalase.html. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- "EC 1.11.1.6 - catalase". Brenda: The Comprehensive Enzyme Information System. http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=1.11.1.6. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- "PeroxiBase - The peroxidase database". Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. http://peroxibase.isb-sib.ch/. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- "Catalase Procedure". MicrobeID.com. http://microbeid.com/Methods/catalase.html. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
- "Catalase Molecule of the Month". Protein Data Bank. http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm.do?momID=57.html. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
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Oxidoreductases: peroxidases (EC 1.11)
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| 1.11.1.1-14 |
- Catalase
- Cytochrome c peroxidase
- Eosinophil peroxidase
- Glutathione peroxidase
- Horseradish peroxidase
- Lactoperoxidase
- Myeloperoxidase
- Thyroid peroxidase
- Deiodinase
- Iodothyronine deiodinase
- Iodotyrosine deiodinase
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| 1.11.1.15 (peroxiredoxin) |
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- B
- enzm
- 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 10
- 11
- 13
- 14
- 15-18
- 2.1
- 2.7.10
- 2.7.11-12
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
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Peroxisomal and lysosomal proteins
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| Enzymes |
Mevalonate kinase · Catalase · Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase · Glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase · Alkylglycerone phosphate synthase · Phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase · HSD17B4 · AMACR
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| Transporters |
SLC27A2
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| Structure/Peroxin |
PEX1, PEX2 - PXMP3, PEX3, PEX5, PEX6, PEX7, PEX10, PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX11G, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14, PEX16, PEX19, PEX26
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| LAMP |
CD68 · LAMP1 · LAMP2 · LAMP3
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see also intermediates, disorders
B strc: edmb (perx), skel (ctrs), epit, cili, mito, nucl (chro)
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