WordNet

an inactive substance that is a vehicle for a radioactive tracer of the same substance and that assists in its recovery after some chemical reaction
(genetics) an organism that possesses a recessive gene whose effect is masked by a dominant allele; the associated trait is not apparent but can be passed on to offspring
a rack attached to a vehicle; for carrying luggage or skis or the like
a self-propelled wheeled vehicle designed specifically to carry something; "refrigerated carriers have revolutionized the grocery business"
someone whose employment involves carrying something; "the bonds were transmitted by carrier" (同)bearer, toter
a person or firm in the business of transporting people or goods or messages (同)common_carrier
(medicine) a person (or animal) who has some pathogen to which he is immune but who can pass it on to others (同)immune carrier
a boy who delivers newspapers (同)newsboy
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『運搬する人』;輸送業者(会社) / 運搬する物,運客車;運客設備 / (…の)媒介体,保菌者《+『of』+『名』》 / (また『aircraft carrier』)航空母艦 / (自転車・車の)荷台
蛋白(たんばく)質

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/20 10:51:56」(JST)

wiki en

Carrier proteins facilitate the diffusion of different molecules, while channel proteins are involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane.^[1] Carrier proteins are integral/intrinsic ^[2] membrane proteins; that is they exist within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport. These mechanisms of movement are known as carrier-mediated transport.^[3] Each carrier protein is designed to recognize only one substance or one group of very similar substances. Research has correlated defects in specific carrier proteins with specific diseases.^[4]

Physiology

Active transport

The action of the sodium-potassium pump is an example of primary active transport. The two carrier proteins on the left are using ATP to move sodium out of the cell against the concentration gradient. The proteins on the right are using secondary active transport to move potassium into the cell.

Active transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient. This is usually to accumulate high concentrations of molecules that a cell needs, such as glucose or amino acids. When the lipid bilayer is impermeable to the molecule needing transport, active transport is also necessary. If the process uses chemical energy, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is called primary active transport. Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient, and does not use energy produced in the cell.^[5] Unlike channel proteins which only transport substances through membranes passively, carrier proteins can transport ions and molecules either passively through facilitated diffusion, or via secondary active transport.^[6] A carrier protein is required to move particles from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. These carrier proteins have receptors that bind to a specific molecule (substrate) needing transport. The molecule or ion to be transported (the substrate) must first bind at a binding site at the carrier molecule, with a certain binding affinity. Following binding, and while the binding site is facing the same way, the carrier will capture or occlude (take in and retain) the substrate within its molecular structure and cause an internal translocation so that the opening in the protein now faces the other side of the plasma membrane.^[7] The carrier protein substrate is released at that site, according to its binding affinity there.

Facilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion in cell membrane, showing ion channels (left) and carrier proteins (three on the right).

Facilitated diffusion is the passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane through specific carrier proteins and requires no energy input. Facilitated diffusion is used especially in the case of large polar molecules and charged ions; once such ions are dissolved in water they cannot diffuse freely across cell membranes due to the hydrophobic nature of the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids that make up the bilayers. The type of carrier proteins used in facilitated diffusion is slightly different from those used in active transport. They are still transmembrane carrier proteins, but these are gated transmembrane channels, meaning they do not internally translocate, nor require ATP to function. The substrate is taken in one side of the gated carrier, and without using ATP the substrate is released into the cell. They may be used as potential biomarkers

Examples

Each carrier protein, even within the same cell membrane, is specific to one type or family of molecules. For example, GLUT1 is a named carrier protein found in almost all animal cell membranes that transports glucose across the bilayer. Other specific carrier proteins also help the body function in important ways. Cytochromes operate in the electron transport chain as carrier proteins for electrons.^[5]

Pathology

A number of inherited diseases involve defects in carrier proteins in a particular substance or group of cells. Cysteinuria (cysteine in the urine and the bladder) is such a disease involving defective cysteine carrier proteins in the kidney cell membranes. This transport system normally removes cysteine from the fluid destined to become urine and returns this essential amino acid to the blood. When this carrier malfunctions, large quantities of cysteine remain in the urine, where it is relatively insoluble and tends to precipitate. This is one cause of urinary stones.^[8] Some vitamin carrier proteins have been shown to be overexpressed in patients with malignant disease. For example, levels of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) have been shown to be significantly elevated in people with breast cancer.^[9]

References

^ Sadava, David, et al. Life, the Science of Biology, 9th Edition. Macmillan Publishers, 2009. ISBN 1-4292-1962-9. p. 119.
^ Cooper, Geoffrey (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. Washington, DC: ASM Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780878933006.
^ Thompson, Liz A. Passing the North Carolina End of Course Test for Biology. American Book Company, Inc. 2007. ISBN 1-59807-139-4. p. 97.
^ Sadava, David, Et al. Life, the Science of Biology, 9th Edition. Macmillan Publishers, 2009. ISBN 1-4292-1962-9. p. 119.
^ ^a ^b Ashley, Ruth. Hann, Gary. Han, Seong S. Cell Biology. New Age International Publishers. ISBN 8122413978. p. 113.
^ Taiz, Lincoln. Zeigler, Eduardo. Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates, 2015. ISBN 978-1-60535-255-8. pp. 151.
^ Kent, Michael. Advanced Biology. Oxford University Press US, 2000. ISBN 0-19-914195-9. pp. 157–158.
^ Sherwood, Lauralee. 7th Edition. Human Physiology. From Cells to Systems. Cengage Learning, 2008. p. 67
^ Rao, PN, Levine, E et al. Elevation of Serum Riboflavin Carrier Protein in Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Volume 8 No 11. pp. 985–990

UpToDate Contents

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1. ペルオキシソーム病 peroxisomal disorders

English Journal

Immunoassay for lead ions: analysis of spiked food samples.

Mandappa IM, Ranjini A, Haware DJ, Manonmani HK.Sourcea Fermentation Technology and Bioengineering Department , Central Food Technological Research Institute , Mysore , India.
Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry.J Immunoassay Immunochem.2014 Jan 2;35(1):1-11. doi: 10.1080/15321819.2013.774817.
A rapid, simple, and reliable competitive immunoassay was developed for measurement of lead ions in spiked food samples. Avian antibodies were produced against Pb(II). Since lead ions are too small to elicit an immune response, the metal was coupled to protein carrier Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) usin
PMID 24063612

Self-crosslinked human serum albumin nanocarriers for systemic delivery of polymerized siRNA to tumors.

Son S, Song S, Lee SJ, Min S, Kim SA, Yhee JY, Huh MS, Chan Kwon I, Jeong SY, Byun Y, Kim SH, Kim K.SourceCenter for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 6, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Dec;34(37):9475-85. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.085. Epub 2013 Sep 16.
The safe and effective systemic delivery of siRNA is a prerequisite for the successful development of siRNA-based cancer therapeutics. For the enhanced delivery of siRNA, cationic lipids and polymers have been widely used as siRNA carriers to form electrolyte complexes with anionic siRNA. However, t
PMID 24050874

Binding of resveratrol with sodium caseinate in aqueous solutions.

Acharya DP, Sanguansri L, Augustin MA.SourceCSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Food and Health Sciences, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia. Durga.Acharya@csiro.au
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Nov 15;141(2):1050-4. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.037. Epub 2013 Mar 26.
The interaction between resveratrol (Res) and sodium caseinate (Na-Cas) has been studied by measuring fluorescence quenching of the protein by resveratrol. Quenching constants were determined using Stern-Volmer equation, which suggests that both dynamic and static quenching occur between Na-Cas and
PMID 23790885

Japanese Journal

Active intestinal absorption of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent ciprofloxacin by organic anion transporting polypeptide, Oatp1a5

Arakawa Hiroshi,Shirasaka Yoshiyuki,Haga Makoto,Nakanishi Takeo,Tamai Ikumi
Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition 33(6), 332-341, 2012-09
… Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drugs are absorbed efficiently after oral administration despite of their hydrophilic nature, implying an involvement of carrier-mediated transport in their membrane transport process. …
NAID 120004997009

TEMPORAL EXPRESSION OF FUNCTIONAL LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTORS AND CATALYTIC ENZYMES IN STEROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS OF MOUSE PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS

Sato Naoki,Terada Yukihiro
秋田医学 39(1), 1-12, 2012-09
… LDL is the major lipoprotein carrier in mammals. … The temporal expressions of LDLR and P450scc protein were analyzed by immunostaining. … The expression of LDLR protein was detected in trophectoderm cells of blastocysts, whereas P450scc was detected in cytoplasm of oocytes and all embryos. …
NAID 110009468860

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「transport protein」「担体タンパク質」「permease」「binding protein」「運搬体タンパク」
拡張検索	「enoyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase」「acyl-carrier protein S-acetyltransferase」「acyl-carrier protein S-malonyltransferase」「3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) synthase」
関連記事	「carrier」