WordNet

relating to the heel bone or heel
talipes in which the toes are pointed upward and the person walks on the heel of the foot

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/17 02:39:30」(JST)

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In humans, the calcaneus (/kælˈkeɪniːəs/; from the Latin calcaneus or calcaneum, meaning heel^[1]) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock.

Structure

Left calcaneus, superior and medial aspects.

In humans, the calcaneus is the largest of the tarsal bones and the largest bone of the foot. The tarsal bones of the ankle are arranged in proximal and distal groups somewhat like the carpal bones of the wrist. Because of the load-bearing role of the ankle, however, their shapes and arrangement are conspicuously different from those of the carpal bones, and they are thoroughly integrated into the structure of the foot. In the calcaneus, several important structures can be distinguished:^[2]

The posterior half of the bone is the tuber calcanei. On its lower edge on either side are its lateral and medial processes (serving as the origins of the abductor hallucis and abductor digit minimi). The calcaneal (Achilles) tendon is inserted into a roughened area on its superior side, the cuboid bone articulates with its anterior side, and on its superior side are three articular surfaces for the articulation with the talus bone. Between these superior articulations and the equivalents on the talus is the tarsal sinus (a canal occupied by the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament). On the medial side of the bone, below the middle talar facet, is the sustentaculum tali (which serves for the attachment of several other ligaments). On the lateral side is commonly a tubercle called the peroneal trochlea, under which is a groove for the tendon of the peroneus longus. The talus, calcaneus, and navicular are considered the proximal row of tarsal bones. ^[2]

With normal axial alignment in the hindfoot, the axes of the tibia and calcaneus lie on a vertical line (pes rectus). If the calcaneal axis is turned medially the foot is in an everted position (pes valgus), and if it is turned laterally the foot is in an inverted position (pes varus). ^[3]

The calcaneus has two articulations, being part of the proximal intertarsal joint and the talocalcaneal joint. As in humans it is the insertion of the gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor tendons. The point of the calcaneus is covered by the calcanean bursa.

Development

In the calcaneus, an ossification center is developed during the 4th–7th week of fetal development. ^[2]

Function

The calcaneus serves as the insertion point for three muscles: the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris. These muscles have a variety of functions to include plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the knee, aids in walking, running, jumping, and steadies leg on ankle during standing. All of these muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve and compromise the posterior (flexor) compartment of the leg.

Muscle attachments (seen from above)

Muscle attachments (seen from below)

Muscle	Direction	Attachment^[4]
Gastrocnemius	Insertion	Tuber calcanei through the achilles tendon
Soleus	Insertion	Tuber calcanei through the achilles tendon
Plantaris	Insertion	Tuber calcanei either directly or through the achilles tendon
Extensor digitorum brevis	Origin	Dorsal side of calcaneus
Abductor hallucis	Origin	Medial process of calcaneus
Extensor hallucis brevis	Origin	Dorsal side of calcaneus
Abductor digiti minimi	Origin	Tuber calcanei
Flexor digitorum brevis	Origin	Tuber calcanei
Quadratus plantae	Origin	Lateral and medial processes of calcaneus

Clinical significance

Additional images

Foot bones. Calcaneus shown in red.
Left calcaneus. Animation.
Calcaneus - superior view
Calcaneus - inferior view
Left calcaneus, inferior surface
Bones of the right foot. Dorsal surface.
Bones of the right foot. Plantar surface.
Skeleton of foot. Medial aspect.
Skeleton of foot. Lateral aspect.
Capsule of left talocrura articulation (distended). Lateral aspect.
Coronal section through right talocrural and talocalcaneal joints.
Talocalcaneal and talocalcaneonavicular articulations exposed from above by removing the talus.
Oblique section of left intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations, showing the synovial cavities.
Calcaneus fracture X-ray
Bones of foot
Dorsum and sole of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Medial view
Knee, tibiofibular and ankle joints.Deep dissection. Anterolateral view.
Ankle joint. Bones of foot.Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Bones of foot.Deep dissection.

Notes

^ Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1994, p. 242
^ ^a ^b ^c Platzer (2004), p 216
^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 410
^ Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 364–367. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

References

Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1.
Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. 2006. ISBN 1-58890-419-9.
Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology, The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw Hill. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-0-07-337825-1.
"Calcaneus (Heel Bone) Fractures". American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Retrieved 13 Dec 2012.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calcaneus.

lljoints at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (posterioranklejoint)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 踵骨骨折 calcaneus fractures
2. 活動的な小児または骨格発達の未成熟な思春期における踵痛：原因の概要 heel pain in the active child or skeletally immature adolescent overview of causes
3. Overview of the clinical manifestations and classification of spondyloarthritis
4. Navicular stress fractures of the foot
5. Ankle pain in the active child or skeletally immature adolescent: Overview of causes

English Journal

Analysis of the intra-individual differences of the joint surfaces of the calcaneus.

Stephan D1, Panzer S, Göttlinger M, Augat P.
Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin.2014 Nov;17(15):1635-41. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2012.759564. Epub 2013 Feb 13.
Patients with calcaneus fractures experience considerable interferences with daily living activities. The quality of anatomical reconstruction is important because of its influence on functional outcome. The aim of this study was to develop an automatic algorithm based on computer tomographic (CT) i
PMID 23406018

The bone tissue of children and adolescents with Down syndrome is sensitive to mechanical stress in certain skeletal locations: A 1-year physical training program study.

Ferry B1, Gavris M2, Tifrea C2, Serbanoiu S2, Pop AC3, Bembea M4, Courteix D5.
Research in developmental disabilities.Res Dev Disabil.2014 Sep;35(9):2077-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.05.004. Epub 2014 May 28.
The systemic complications of Down syndrome (DS) attenuate the osteogenic response to physical activity in DS patients. Through an interventional study we showed the effects of physical training on development of bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) as well as on quantitative bone ultrasound
PMID 24878629

Force-Deformation Properties of the Human Heel Pad during Barefoot Walking.

Wearing SC1, Hooper SL, Dubois P, Smeathers JE, Dietze A.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2014 Aug;46(8):1588-94. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000281.
INTRODUCTION: The plantar heel pad is a specialized fibroadipose tissue that attenuates and, in part, dissipates the impact energy associated with heel strike. Although a near-maximal deformation of the heel pad has been shown during running, an in vivo measurement of the deformation and structural
PMID 24504425

Japanese Journal

臨床室踵骨裂離・嘴状骨折に対する新しいtension band wiring法を施行した1例

整形外科 = Orthopedic surgery 66(7), 655-657, 2015-07
NAID 40020512816

臨床室踵骨に発生した脆弱性骨折の2例

整形外科 = Orthopedic surgery 66(6), 544-547, 2015-06
NAID 40020485049

熱可塑性足底板の装用が足部のキネマティクスに与える影響

日本臨床スポーツ医学会誌 23(1), 88-94, 2015
NAID 40020352237

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「踵骨」「足根骨」「calcaneal」「calcaneum」

「踵骨」

Calcaneus
	Subtalar Joint
	Left calcaneus, lateral surface.
Latin	Calcaneus; Calcaneum; Os calcis'
Gray's	p.263
MeSH	Calcaneus
TA	A02.5.11.001
FMA	FMA:24496
	Anatomical terms of bone

　　[★]

英: calcaneus, calcaneal bone, heel bone
関: 足根骨、足関節

解剖

腓骨筋滑車	fibular trochlea
踵骨隆起	calcaneal tuberosity
載距突起	sustentaculum tali
内側突起＞踵骨隆起内側突起	medial tubercle of calcaneus
外側突起＞踵骨隆起外側突起	lateral tubercle of calcaneus