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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/28 12:34:51」(JST)

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Butyrate (also known as butanoate) is the traditional name for the conjugate base of butyric acid (also known as butanoic acid). The formula of the butyrate ion is C₄H₇O₂⁻. The name is used as part of the name of esters and salts of butyric acid, a short chain fatty acid. Examples include

Cellulose acetate butyrate, an aircraft dope
Methyl butyrate
Ethyl butyrate
Butyl butyrate
Pentyl butyrate
Sodium butyrate, a HDAC inhibitor used in psychiatry

The chemical structure of sodium butyrate

Butyrates are important as food for cells lining the mammalian colon (colonocytes). Without butyrates for energy, colon cells undergo autophagy (self digestion) and die.^[1] Short-chain fatty acids, which include butyrate, are produced by beneficial colonic bacteria (probiotics) that feed on, or ferment prebiotics, which are plant products that contain adequate amounts of dietary fiber. These short-chain fatty acids benefit the colonocyte by increasing energy production,and cell proliferation and may protect against colon cancer.^[2]

Butyrate is a major metabolite in colonic lumen arising from bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and has been shown to be a critical mediator of the colonic inflammatory response. Butyrate possesses both preventive and therapeutic potential to counteract inflammation-mediated ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer. One mechanism underlying butyrate function in suppression of colonic inflammation is inhibition of the IFN-γ/STAT1 signaling pathways at least partially through acting as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. While transient IFN-γ signaling is generally associated with normal host immune response, chronic IFN-γ signaling is often associated with chronic inflammation. It has been shown that Butyrate inhibits activity of HDAC1 that is bound to the Fas gene promoter in T cells, resulting in hyperacetylation of the Fas promoter and up-regulation of Fas receptor on the T cell surface.^[3] It is thus suggested that Butyrate enhances apoptosis of T cells in the colonic tissue and thereby eliminates the source of inflammation (IFN-γ production).^[4]

References[edit]

^ Donohoe, Dallas R.; Garge, Nikhil; Zhang, Xinxin; Sun, Wei; O'Connell, Thomas M.; Bunger, Maureen K.; Bultman, Scott J. (2011). "The Microbiome and Butyrate Regulate Energy Metabolism and Autophagy in the Mammalian Colon". Cell Metabolism 13 (5): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.018. PMC 3099420. PMID 21531334.
^ Lupton, Joanne R. (February 1, 2004). Microbial Degradation Products Influence Colon Cancer Risk: the Butyrate Controversy. vol. 134 no. 2: J. Nutr. pp. 479–482.
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517765
^ Mary A. Zimmerman, Nagendra Singh, Pamela M. Martin, Muthusamy Thangaraju, Vadivel Ganapathy, Jennifer L. Waller, Huidong Shi, Keith D. Robertson, David H. Munn, and Kebin Liu. 2012. Butyrate suppresses colonic inflammation through HDAC1-dependent Fas Upregulation and Fas-mediated apoptosis of T cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 302: G1405-G1415

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English Journal

Growth factor withdrawal in combination with sodium butyrate addition extends culture longevity and enhances antibody production in CHO cells.

Hong JK, Lee GM, Yoon SK.SourceDepartment of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 373-1 Guseong-Dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Bio R&D Center, Aprogen, 442-1 Sangdaewon-dong, Joongwon-gu, Seongnam 462-129, Republic of Korea.
Journal of biotechnology.J Biotechnol.2011 Sep 10;155(2):225-31. Epub 2011 Jun 23.
The effect of growth factor (GF) and sodium butyrate (NaBu) on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell growth, cell viability and antibody production was investigated using shaking flasks in GF-containing and GF-deficient medium containing 0, 1 and 3mM NaBu. The withdrawal of GF and the addition of NaBu su
PMID 21723342

Kinetics of butyrate metabolism in the normal colon and in ulcerative colitis: the effects of substrate concentration and carnitine on the β-oxidation pathway.

De Preter V, Geboes KP, Bulteel V, Vandermeulen G, Suenaert P, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K.SourceTranslational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.Aliment Pharmacol Ther.2011 Sep;34(5):526-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04757.x. Epub 2011 Jun 26.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 526-532 SUMMARY: Background? Butyrate, a colonic metabolite of carbohydrates, is considered as the major energy source for the colonic mucosa. An impaired butyrate metabolism has been reported in ulcerative colitis (UC), however, the cause still remains unknown. Ai
PMID 21707682

Japanese Journal

治療酪酸プロピオン酸ベタメタゾン軟膏の臨床効果および患者QOLに対する効果についての検討

竹中基,佐藤伸一
西日本皮膚科 73(3), 266-270, 2011-06
NAID 40018897230

Cyclolavandulyl butyrate: an attractant for a mealybug parasitoid, Anagyrus sawadai (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Tabata Jun,Teshiba Mayumi,Hiradate Syuntaro [他]
Applied entomology and zoology 46(1), 117-123, 2011-02
NAID 40018702676

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「酪酸塩」「butanoic acid」「酪酸エステル」
拡張検索	「hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase」

「酪酸塩」

Butyrate
	IUPAC name butanoate
Identifiers
PubChem	104775
ChemSpider	94582
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES [O-]C(=O)CCC ;
	InChI InChI=InChI=1S/C4H8O2/c1-2-3-4(5)6/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,5,6)/p-1 ; Key: FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M ;
	Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
	Infobox references