関: bone neoplasm、cancer of bone

WordNet

remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" (同)debone
the porous calcified substance from which bones are made (同)osseous_tissue
consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body"
a shade of white the color of bleached bones (同)ivory, pearl, off-white
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (同)os
type genus of the family Cancridae (同)genus Cancer
the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 (同)Cancer the Crab, Crab
(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer (同)Crab
a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream (同)malignant neoplastic disease
having bones as specified; "his lanky long-boned body"
having had the bones removed; "a boneless rib roast"; "a boned (or deboned) fish" (同)deboned
a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance (同)castanets, clappers, finger cymbals

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉骨 / 〈U〉骨を作っている物質,骨質 / 《複数形で》骨格;死骸(がい) / 〈魚など〉‘の'骨を取る
〈U〉〈C〉『がん』 / 〈U〉〈C〉害悪 / 《Cancer》(星座の)カニ座
(魚など)骨を取り除いた / (衣服が)(コルセットなどで)骨で張りをつけた[ような]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/04 20:04:04」(JST)

wiki en

A bone tumor, (also spelled bone tumour), is a neoplastic growth of tissue in bone. Abnormal growths found in the bone can be either benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Average five year survival in the United States after being diagnosed with bone and joint cancer is 67%.^[1]

Classification

X-ray of a giant cell bone tumor in the head of the 4th metacarpal of the left hand.

An arm bone tumor

Bone tumors may be classified as "primary tumors", which originate in bone or from bone-derived cells and tissues, and "secondary tumors" which originate in other sites and spread (metastasize) to the skeleton. Carcinomas of the prostate, breasts, lungs, thyroid, and kidneys are the carcinomas that most commonly metastasize to bone. Secondary malignant bone tumors are estimated to be 50 to 100 times as common as primary bone cancers.

Primary bone tumors

Primary tumors of bone can be divided into benign tumors and cancers. Common benign bone tumors may be neoplastic, developmental, traumatic, infectious, or inflammatory in etiology. Some benign tumors are not true neoplasms, but rather, represent hamartomas, namely the osteochondroma. The most common locations for many primary tumors, both benign and malignant include the distal femur and proximal tibia (around the knee joint).

Examples of benign bone tumors include osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteochondroma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma, giant cell tumor of bone, aneurysmal bone cyst, and fibrous dysplasia of bone.

Malignant primary bone tumors include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and other types.

While malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) - now generally called "pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma" - primary in bone is known to occur occasionally,^[2] current paradigms tend to consider MFH a "wastebasket" diagnosis, and the current trend is toward using specialized studies (i.e. genetic and immunohistochemical tests) to classify these undifferentiated tumors into other tumor classes. Multiple myeloma is a hematologic cancer, originating in the bone marrow, which also frequently presents as one or more bone lesions.

Germ cell tumors, including teratoma, often present and originate in the midline of the sacrum, coccyx, or both. These sacrococcygeal teratomas are often relatively amenable to treatment.

Stage 1A bone cancer
Stage 1B bone cancer
Stage 2A bone cancer
Stage 2B bone cancer
Stage 3 bone cancer

Secondary bone tumors

Since, by definition, benign bone tumors do not metastasize, all secondary bone tumors are metastatic lesions which have spread from other organs, most commonly carcinomas of the breast, lung, and prostate.

Reliable and valid statistics on the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of malignant bone tumors are difficult to come by, particularly in the oldest (those over 75 years of age), because carcinomas that are widely metastatic to bone are rarely ever curable, biopsies to determine the origin of the tumor in cases like this are rarely done.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of bone tumors is pain, which will gradually increase over time. A person may go weeks, months, and sometimes years before seeking help; the pain increases with the growth of the tumor. Additional symptoms may include fatigue, fever, weight loss, anemia, and/or unexplained bone fractures. Many patients will not experience any symptoms, except for a painless mass. Some bone tumors may weaken the structure of the bone, causing pathologic fractures.^[3]

Treatment

Treatment of bone tumors is highly dependent on the type of tumor.

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are effective in some tumors (such as Ewing's sarcoma) but less so in others (such as chondrosarcoma).^[4] There are a variety of chemotherapy treatment protocols for bone tumors. The protocol with the best reported survival in children and adults is an intra-arterial protocol where tumor response is tracked by serial arteriogram. When tumor response has reached >90% necrosis surgical intervention is planned.^[5]^[6]

Medication

One of the major concerns is bone density and bone loss. Non-hormonal bisphosphonates increase bone strength and are available as once-a-week prescription pills. Metastron also known as strontium-89 chloride is an intravenous medication given to help with the pain and can be given in three month intervals. Generic Strontium Chloride Sr-89 Injection UPS, manufactured by Bio-Nucleonics Inc., it is the generic version of Metastron.^[7] Astra zantec is currently under review as to the benefits in bone cancer.

Surgical treatment

Treatment for some bone cancers may involve surgery, such as limb amputation, or limb sparing surgery (often in combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy). Limb sparing surgery, or limb salvage surgery, means the limb is spared from amputation. Instead of amputation, the affected bone is removed and replaced in one of two ways: (a) bone graft, in which bone is taken from elsewhere on the body or (b) artificial bone is put in. In upper leg surgeries, limb salvage prostheses are available.

The other surgery is called Van Nes rotation or rotationplasty which is a form of amputation, in which the patient's foot is turned upwards in a 180 degree turn and the upturned foot is used as a knee.

Types of amputation:

Leg

Below knee
Above knee
Symes
Hip disarticulation
Hemipelvectomy or hindquarter, in which the whole leg is removed with one half of the pelvis

Arm

Below elbow
Above elbow
Shoulder disarticulation
Forequarter (amputation of the whole arm, along with the shoulder blade and the clavicle)

The most radical of amputations is hemicorporectomy (translumbar or waist amputation) which removes the legs, the pelvis, urinary system, excretory system and the genital area (penis/testes in males and vagina/vulva in females). This operation is done in two stages. First stage is doing the colostomy and the urinary conduit, the second stage is the amputation. This is a mutilating operation and is only done as a last resort (e.g. when even pelvic exenteration doesn't work or in cases of advanced pelvic/reproductive cancers)

Prognosis

The outlook depends on the type of tumor. The outcome is expected to be good for people with noncancerous (benign) tumors, although some types of benign tumors may eventually become cancerous (malignant). With malignant bone tumors that have not spread, most patients achieve a cure, but the cure rate depends on the type of cancer, location, size, and other factors.

References

^ "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Bone and Joint Cancer". NCI. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ Jeon DG, Song WS, Kong CB, Kim JR, Lee SY. MFH of Bone and Osteosarcoma Show Similar Survival and Chemosensitivity. Clin Orthop Rel Res 469;584-90.
^ "Questions and Answers about Bone Cancer" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
^ Bone tumor at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York
^ 10 year survival in Pediatric Osteosarcoma
^ Survival in Adult Osteosarcoma and MFH of Bone
^ "FDA ANDA Generic Drug Approvals". Food and Drug Administration.

External links

UK bone cancer statistics from Cancer Research UK
UMDNJ Basic pathology concepts in diagnosis of bone tumors
Cancer.Net: Bone Cancer

UpToDate Contents

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1. 骨腫瘍：診断および生検法 bone tumors diagnosis and biopsy techniques
2. 小児および思春期における良性骨腫瘍：概要 benign bone tumors in children and adolescents an overview
3. 骨肉腫：疫学、病因、臨床症状、診断、および組織学的検査 osteosarcoma epidemiology pathogenesis clinical presentation diagnosis and histology
4. 小児における跛行の原因に関する概要 overview of the causes of limp in children
5. 骨肉腫：術前評価、組織学的分類、および外科的マネージメントの原則 bone sarcomas preoperative evaluation histologic classification and principles of surgical management

English Journal

CT-guided percutaneous drilling is a safe and reliable method of treating osteoid osteomas.

Engel EE, Gava NF, Nogueira-Barbosa NF, Botter FA.SourceDepartment of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas 11° andar, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):34. Epub 2013 Jan 31.
Computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous drilling is an alternative for osteoid osteoma treatment. This study aims to evaluate the remodeling of the drill orifice. The success rate and complications were also recorded and compared with other treatment methods. Fifteen patients with an average ag
PMID 23519705

Multiple isolated extramedullary relapse of acute promyelocytic leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant: a case report and review of literature.

Kothari S, Herzig G, Slone S, Herzig R.SourceDivision of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Louisville, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, 529 South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):49. Epub 2013 Feb 12.
Isolated extramedullary disease (EMD) is uncommon, especially in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We review the literature and present a 32 year old woman with APL who developed multiple EMDs after allogeneic HSCT within the calvariu
PMID 23476896

Genetic variation in bone morphogenetic proteins and breast cancer risk in hispanic and non-hispanic white women: The breast cancer health disparities study.

Slattery ML, John EM, Torres-Mejia G, Herrick JS, Giuliano AR, Baumgartner KB, Hines LM, Wolff RK.SourceDepartment of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. marty.slattery@hsc.utah.edu.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2013 Jun 15;132(12):2928-39. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27960. Epub 2012 Dec 13.
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are thought to be important in breast cancer promotion and progression. We evaluated genetic variation in BMP-related genes and breast cancer risk among Hispanic (2,111 cases, 2,597 controls) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) (1,481 cases, 1,586 controls) women who parti
PMID 23180569

Japanese Journal

がん薬物療法専門医のための模擬テスト(59)解答と解説

堤千寿子
腫瘍内科 = Clinical oncology 15(4), 422-424, 2015-04
NAID 40020458493

乳がん骨転移に対するベバシズマブ併用パクリタキセル療法の有用性

田澤篤,谷内亜衣
日本医師会雑誌 144(1), 91-96, 2015-04
NAID 40020417372

ホルモン療法の副作用対策 : 骨関連 (特集前立腺癌の内分泌療法 : 気になる最新の動向)

植村元秀
臨床泌尿器科 = Japanese journal of clinical urology 69(5), 368-372, 2015-04
NAID 40020400438

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「骨癌」「bone neoplasm」「cancer of bone」「骨がん」
関連記事	「cancer」「bone」

「骨癌」

Bone tumor
	Micrograph of an osteosarcoma, a malignant primary bone tumor.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Oncology
ICD-10	C40-C41
ICD-9-CM	170.9
MedlinePlus	001230
MeSH	D001859