WordNet

an irregularly shaped spot (同)splodge, splotch
a blemish on the skin that is formed before birth (同)nevus
marred by discolored spots or blotches; "blotchy skin"
one of the most abundant lizards in the arid western United States (同)sand_lizard, Uta stansburiana
having blotches of white
dry (ink) with blotting paper
an act that brings discredit to the person who does it; "he made a huge blot on his copybook" (同)smear, smirch, spot, stain
marked with irregularly shaped spots or blots (同)blotchy, splotched

PrepTutorEJDIC

大きなしみ,よごれ / 吹き出物,おでき / …'を'汚す,‘に'しみをつける
(出生時からはだにある)あざ,ほくろ
しみ(できもの)だらけの
(特に,インクなどの)汚れ,しみ / (人格・名声などにつけられた)汚点,汚名 / 〈他〉…‘に'しみおつける,'を'汚す / (吸取紙で)…‘の'汚れ(しみ)を吸い取る;〈汚れ・しみ〉'を'吸い取る

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/23 12:23:25」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Stain (disambiguation).

Look up stain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Coffee stains

A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon. They are caused by the chemical or physical interaction of two dissimilar materials. Staining is used for biochemical research, metal staining, and art (e.g., wood staining, stained glass).

Types of stains

There can be intentional stains (such as wood stains or paint),^[1] indicative stains (such as food coloring or adding a substance to make bacteria visible under a microscope),^[2] natural stains (such as rust on iron or a patina on bronze),^[3] and accidental stains (like spilling ketchup on your shirt).

Different types of material can be stained by different substances, and stain resistance is an important characteristic in modern textile engineering.

Formation

The primary method of stain formation is surface stains, where the staining substance is spilled out onto the surface or material and is trapped in the fibers, pores, indentations, or other capillary structures on the surface.^[1] The material that is trapped coats the underlying material, and the stain reflects back light according to its own color. Applying paint, spilled food, and wood stains are of this nature.^[4]

A secondary method of stain involves a chemical or molecular reaction between the material and the staining material. Many types of natural stains fall into this category.

Finally, there can also be molecular attraction between the material and the staining material, involving being held in a covalent bond and showing the color of the bound substance.^[5]

Properties

In many cases, stains are affected by heat and may become reactive enough to bond with the underlying material. Extreme heat, such as from ironing or dry cleaning, can cause a chemical reaction on an otherwise removable stain, turning it into a chemical compound that is impossible to remove.^[5]

Removal

Various laundry techniques exist to attempt to remove or minimize existing stains, and stain removers are an important type of chemical in laundry detergents. Some stand-alone stain removers also exist.

Food and drink stains are the most common types of stains that people search for on the internet.^[6] This is due to the variety of food and drinks and the variety of materials that the stains occur on.

References

^ ^a ^b Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish.Bob Flexner. Reader's Digest, 1999. Pg 121. ISBN 0-7621-0191-1, ISBN 978-0-7621-0191-7
^ Staining Procedures Used by the Biological Stain Commission: Published for the Biological Stain Commission. George Clark, James W. Bartholomew. Williams & Wilkins, 1981. Pg 32-33, 45. ISBN 0-683-01707-1, ISBN 978-0-683-01707-6
^ Architectural Metals: A Guide to Selection, Specification, and Performance. L. William Zahner. Wiley, 1997. Pg 101. ISBN 0-471-04506-3, ISBN 978-0-471-04506-9
^ Materials Performance. NACE International. Published by National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1987. v.26 1987 Jul-Dec, pg 33
^ ^a ^b The Stain Removal Handbook. Max Alth, Simon Alth. Hawthorn Books, 1977. Pg 22 ISBN 0-8015-7071-9, ISBN 978-0-8015-7071-1
^ Matt Oden, Food and Drink Stain Removal http://remove-stain.com/stain-type/food-and-drink-stains

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 皮膚病変のダーモスコピー評価 dermoscopic evaluation of skin lesions
2. Dermoscopy of nail pigmentations

English Journal

Genetic Differentiation at Microsatellite Loci Among Populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola from California, Indiana, Kansas, and North Dakota.

Gurung S, Goodwin SB, Kabbage M, Bockus WW, Adhikari TB.AbstractABSTRACT Mycosphaerella graminicola causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and is considered one of the most devastating pathogens of that crop in the United States. Although the genetic structures of M. graminicola populations from different countries have been analyzed using various molecular markers, relatively little is known about M. graminicola populations from geographically distinct areas of the United States and, in particular, of those from spring versus winter wheat. These are exposed to great differences in environmental conditions, length and season of host-free periods, and resistance sources used in geographically separated wheat breeding programs. Thus, there is more likely to be genetic differentiation between populations from spring versus winter wheat than there is among those within each region. To test this hypothesis, 330 single-spore isolates of M. graminicola representing 11 populations (1 from facultative winter wheat in California, 2 from spring wheat in North Dakota, and 8 from winter wheat in Indiana and Kansas) were analyzed for mating type frequency and for genetic variation at 17 microsatellite or simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Analysis of clone-corrected data revealed an equal distribution of both mating types in the populations from Kansas, Indiana, and North Dakota, but a deviation from a 1:1 ratio in the California population. In total, 306 haplotypes were detected, almost all of which were unique in all 11 populations. High levels of gene diversity (H = 0.31 to 0.56) were observed within the 11 populations. Significant (P ? 0.05) gametic disequilibrium, as measured by the index of association (rBarD), was observed in California, one Indiana population (IN1), and three populations (KS1, KS2, and KS3) in Kansas that could not be explained by linkage. Corrected standardized fixation index (G″(ST)) values were 0.000 to 0.621 between the 11 populations and the majority of pairwise comparisons were statistically significant (P ? 0.001), suggesting some differentiation between populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed that there was a small but statistically significant level of genetic differentiation between populations from spring versus winter wheat. However, most of the total genetic variation (>98%) occurred within spring and winter wheat regions while <2% was due to genetic differentiation between these regions. Taken together, these results provide evidence that sexual recombination occurs frequently in the M. graminicola populations sampled and that most populations are genetically differentiated over the major spring- and winter-wheat-growing regions of the United States.
Phytopathology.Phytopathology.2011 Oct;101(10):1251-9.
ABSTRACT Mycosphaerella graminicola causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and is considered one of the most devastating pathogens of that crop in the United States. Although the genetic structures of M. graminicola populations from different countries have been analyzed u
PMID 21692645

Quantitative Trait Loci for Adult-Plant Resistance to Mycosphaerella graminicola in Two Winter Wheat Populations.

Risser P, Ebmeyer E, Korzun V, Hartl L, Miedaner T.AbstractABSTRACT Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is one of the most important leaf spot diseases in wheat worldwide. The goal of this study was to detect chromosomal regions for adult-plant resistance in large winter wheat populations to STB. Inoculation by two isolates with virulence to Stb6 and Stb15, both present in the parents, was performed and STB severity was visually scored plotwise as percent coverage of flag leaves with pycnidia-bearing lesions. 'Florett'/'Biscay' and 'Tuareg'/'Biscay', each comprising a cross of a resistant and a susceptible cultivar, with population sizes of 316 and 269 F(7:8) recombinant inbred lines, respectively, were phenotyped across four and five environments and mapped with amplified fragment length polymorphism, diversity array technology, and simple sequence repeat markers covering polymorphic regions of ?1,340 centimorgans. Phenotypic data revealed significant (P < 0.01) genotypic differentiation for STB, heading date, and plant height. Entry-mean heritabilities (h(2)) for STB were 0.73 for 'Florett'/'Biscay' and 0.38 for 'Tuareg'/'Biscay'. All correlations between STB and heading date as well as between STB and plant height were low (r = -0.13 to -0.20). In quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, nine and six QTL were found for STB ratings explaining, together, 55 and 51% of phenotypic variation in 'Florett'/'Biscay' and 'Tuareg'/'Biscay', respectively. Genotype-environment and QTL-environment interactions had a large impact. Two major QTL were detected consistently across environments on chromosomes 3B and 6D from 'Florett' and chromosomes 4B and 6B from 'Tuareg', each explaining 12 to 17% of normalized adjusted phenotypic variance. These results indicate that adult-plant resistance to STB in both mapping populations was of a quantitative nature.
Phytopathology.Phytopathology.2011 Oct;101(10):1209-16.
ABSTRACT Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is one of the most important leaf spot diseases in wheat worldwide. The goal of this study was to detect chromosomal regions for adult-plant resistance in large winter wheat populations to STB. Inoculation by two isolates with virulence to Stb6 and Stb15, both
PMID 21635143

Japanese Journal

ヤナギ類の葉に潜るコハモグリガ属の1新種の記載,およびヤナギ類に潜る日本産コハモグリガ属の蛹の形態とDNAバーコード領域に基づくヤナギ類潜孔性種の遺伝的比較

小林茂樹,坂本佳子,神保宇嗣 [他]
蝶と蛾 62(2), 75-93, 2011-06-30
NAID 40018919983

Efficient production of novel floral traits in torenia by collective transformation with chimeric repressors of Arabidopsis transcription factors

Shikata Masahito,Narumi Takako,Yamaguchi Hiroyasu,Sasaki Katsutomo,Aida Ryutaro,Oshima Yoshimi,Takiguchi Yuko,Ohme-Takagi Masaru,Mitsuda Nobutaka,Ohtsubo Norihiro
Plant Biotechnology 28(2), 189-199, 2011
… Detailed analysis of the phenotypes revealed that PETAL LOSS could control blotch sizes and that modification of cell shape could change the texture of petals. …
NAID 130000668869