blood brother

　

WordNet

1. a male sworn (usually by a ceremony involving the mingling of blood) to treat another as his brother
2. the friendship characteristic of blood brothers
3. smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill
4. temperament or disposition; "a person of hot blood"
5. people viewed as members of a group; "we need more young blood in this organization"
6. the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the sea
7. a male with the same parents as someone else; "my brother still lives with our parents" (同)blood_brother
8. used as a term of address for those male persons engaged in the same movement; "Greetings, comrade!" (同)comrade
9. a male person who is a fellow member (of a fraternity or religion or other group); "none of his brothers would betray him"
10. liquid in which meat and vegetables are simmered; used as a basis for e.g. soups or sauces; "she made gravy with a base of beef stock" (同)stock
11. a thin soup of meat or fish or vegetable stock
12. (Roman Catholic Church) a title given to a monk and used as form of address; "a Benedictine Brother"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『血』,『血』液 / 流血(bloodshed);殺人 / 気質,気性,血気,血潮 / 『血統』,血縁(kinship);生まれ,家柄;《the~》王家の血統 / (人種・出身国の)系 / 〈人〉‘に'初めての経験をさせる / 〈猟犬〉‘に'初めて獲物を血を味わわせる
2. 『兄弟』,『兄』,『弟』 / 同僚,仲間;同業者 / 《文》同胞;同一教会員,同じ信仰の友 / (失望・不快・驚きを表して)いまいましい,さきしょう
3. 蒲いスープ,(肉・さかなの)煮つゆ
4. 純血の,純種の / 《複合語を作って》「…の血(性質)を持った」の意を表す

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/19 16:26:31」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Blood Brothers.

"Blood Covenant" redirects here. For the Indian heavy metal musical groups, see Blood Covenant (band).

The Norwegian warrior Örvar-Oddr bids a last farewell to his blood brother, the Swedish warrior Hjalmar, by Mårten Eskil Winge (1866).

Blood brother can refer to one of two things: a male related by birth, or two or more men not related by birth who have sworn loyalty to each other. This is in modern times usually done in a ceremony, known as a blood oath, where having each person make a small cut, usually on a finger, hand or the forearm, and then the two cuts are pressed together and bound, the idea being that each person's blood now flows in the other participant's veins. In modern times, some gangs have also been rumored to make blood pacts. The process usually provides a participant with a heightened symbolic sense of attachment with another participant.

Cultures

Scandinavia

Örvar-Oddr's saga contains a notable account of blood brotherhood. The Norwegian warrior Örvar-Oddr felt a desire to test his fighting skills with the renowned Swedish warrior Hjalmar. Thus Örvar-Oddr sailed to Sweden with five ships and met Hjalmar, who had fifteen ships. Hjalmar could not accept such an uneven balance of strength and sent away ten of his own ships so that the forces would be even. The two warriors fought for two days with a lot of blood-letting and poetry, but it was a draw. Finally, they realized that they were equals and decided to become sworn brothers by letting their blood flow under a strand of turf raised by a spear. Then, the strand of turf was put back during oaths and incantations.

In the mythology of northern Europe, Gunther and Högni became the blood brothers of Sigurd when he married their sister Gudrun; in Wagner's Ring Cycle, the same occurs between Gunther and Wagner's version of Sigurd, Siegfried, which is marked by the "Blood Brotherhood Leitmotiv". Additionally, it is briefly stated in Lokasenna that Odin and Loki were once blood brothers.

Scythia

Among the Scythians, the covenantors would allow their blood to drip into a cup; the blood was subsequently mixed with wine and drunk by both participants. Every man was limited to having at most three blood brotherhoods at any time, lest his loyalties be distrusted; as a consequence, blood brotherhood was highly sought after and often preceded by a lengthy period of affiliation and friendship (Lucian, Toxaris). The Hungarian hajduks had a similar ceremony, though the wine was often replaced with milk so that the blood would be more visible.

East Asia

In Asian cultures, the act and ceremony of becoming blood brothers is generally seen as a tribal relationship, that is, to bring about alliance between tribes. It was practiced for this reason most notably among the Mongols and early Chinese.

Americas

There is some evidence that Native Americans did it to bring about alliance between tribes.

Southeastern Europe and historical Russia

Blood brothers among larger groups was common in ancient Southeastern Europe where, for example, whole companies of soldiers would become one family through the ceremony. It was perhaps most prevalent in the Balkan peninsula during the Ottoman era, as it helped the oppressed people to fight the enemy more effectively; blood brotherhoods were common in what is today Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Republic of Macedonia. Christianity also recognized sworn brotherhood in a ceremony (known as Greek: adelphopoiesis, Slavic: pobratimstvo in the Eastern Orthodox churches; known as Latin: ordo ad fratres faciendum in the Roman Catholic church). The tradition of intertwining arms and drinking wine is also believed to be a representation of becoming blood brothers.

Caucasus

Blood brotherhood, highly ritualized and subjected to a strong code, was a common practice in the Caucasus, especially among the mountaineers. Some relics of this tradition survive to this day.

Famous blood brothers

• Zhang Fei, Guan Yu and Liu Bei. In the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luó Guànzhōng, these three men swore in their famous Oath of the Peach Garden that despite not being born on the same day, their sworn brotherhood would end with them dying on the same day. Histories only mention that the three men were "close like brothers".
• Yesükhei and Toghril. Yesükhei was Genghis Khan's father. Toghril is better known by his Chinese name Wang Khan.
• Temüjin (Genghis Khan) and Jamukha were childhood friends and blood brothers, although Jamukha later betrayed Temüjin and was executed by him.
• Two Norman knights who took part in the Conquest of Britain in 1066, Robert d'Ouilly and Roger d'Ivry, were well known as blood brothers. It was said that they had agreed beforehand to share the profits of this adventure. They both survived Hastings and were granted lands in Oxfordshire and elsewhere, then worked together on various projects such as Wallingford Castle.
• In the Chinese tale Journey to the West, Sun Wukong (the Monkey King) became blood brothers with a bull demon, but later on, this brother relationship was forgotten because of a conflict that occurred involving the bull demon's son that caused other problems for Wukong.
• In Serbian epic poetry, Miloš Obilić was blood brother with Milan Toplica and Ivan Kosančić
• In The Musical Blood Brothers Michael Johnstone and Edward Lyons are Blood Brothers and stand by each other. They don't realize until the day they die that they are twins.
• In the film Mickybo and Me The two main characters become Blood Brothers.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 新生児における赤血球輸血 red blood cell transfusions in the newborn
• 2. 胎児の採血 fetal blood sampling
• 3. 赤血球抗原および抗体のプライマー a primer of red blood cell antigens and antibodies
• 4. Ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring and white coat hypertension in adults
• 5. 成人における赤血球輸血：保管、専門的調整、および輸血パラメータ red blood cell transfusion in adults storage specialized modifications and infusion parameters

English Journal

• Siblings in Kars, Turkey, with Uner Tan syndrome (quadrupedal locomotion, severe mental retardation, and no speech): a novel theory for the evolution of human bipedalism.

• Tan U.
• Neurological research.Neurol Res.2015 Feb;37(2):139-46. doi: 10.1179/1743132814Y.0000000433. Epub 2014 Aug 1.
• OBJECTIVE: To investigate siblings from Kars (n  =  2), Turkey, with diagonal-sequence quadrupedal locomotion (QL), severe mental retardation, and no speech (Uner Tan syndrome, UTS), in relation to the evolutionary emergence of human bipedal locomotion (BL).METHODS: Video recordings were made to
• PMID 25082551

• An exploratory analysis of mitochondrial haplotypes and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation outcomes.

• Ross JA1, Tolar J2, Spector LG3, DeFor T4, Lund TC5, Weisdorf DJ6, Langer E3, Hooten AJ3, Thyagarajan B7, Gleason MK3, Wagner JE5, Robien K8, Verneris MR5.
• Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.2015 Jan;21(1):81-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.09.023. Epub 2014 Oct 6.
• Certain mitochondrial haplotypes (mthaps) are associated with disease, possibly through differences in oxidative phosphorylation and/or immunosurveillance. We explored whether mthaps are associated with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) outcomes. Recipient (n = 437) and donor (n 
• PMID 25300867

• Impact of donor age on outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

• Rezvani AR1, Storer BE2, Guthrie KA3, Schoch HG3, Maloney DG4, Sandmaier BM4, Storb R5.
• Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.2015 Jan;21(1):105-12. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.09.021. Epub 2014 Sep 30.
• As older patients are eligible for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), older siblings are increasingly proposed as donors. We studied the impact of donor age on the tempo of hematopoietic engraftment and donor chimerism, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and nonrel
• PMID 25278458

Japanese Journal

• 『阿弥陀胸割』の成立背景 : 法会唱導との関わり

• 総研大文化科学研究 (12), 17-35, 2016-03
• NAID 120005755288

• 症例報告 第13回若手奨励賞受賞論文 同時期に1型糖尿病を発症し多腺性自己免疫症候群Ⅲ型と診断し得た後期高齢者の同胞症例

• 四国医学雑誌 = Shikoku acta medica 71(3・4), 87-94, 2015-08-25
• NAID 120005845206

• Intraocular Relapse with Hypopyon and Retinal Infiltrates after Chemotherapy and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation for Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma

• Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hematopathology 55(3), 157-161, 2015
• NAID 130005119612

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関連記事	「brother」「blood」

「brother」

　　[★]

• n.

• (家族)兄弟、(同じ遺伝子ファミリーに属するものや類似化学構造を持つものなど)同類

関

cousin、kin、sibling、sister

　 　 　 　

「blood」

　　[★] 血液