関: beta-Ala

WordNet

to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
stake on the outcome of an issue; "I bet $100 on that new horse"; "She played all her money on the dark horse" (同)wager, play
the act of gambling; "he did it on a bet" (同)wager
maintain with or as if with a bet; "I bet she will be there!" (同)wager
second in order of importance; "the candidate, considered a beta male, was perceived to be unable to lead his party to victory"
the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet
preliminary or testing stage of a software or hardware product; "a beta version"; "beta software"
a crystalline amino acid that occurs in many proteins
beets (同)genus Beta

PrepTutorEJDIC

《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
『かけ』・(…との)かけ《+『with』+『名』》 / かけた物(金) / かけの対象 / 〈金・物〉'を'『かける』 / (かけ事・ゲームなどで)〈人〉‘と'『かけをする』《+『名』〈人〉+『on』+『名』》 / (…に)『かける』《+『on』(『against』)+『名』(one's do『ing』)》
ベータ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第2文字;B,β;英語のB,b に遭当)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/31 06:39:10」(JST)

wiki en

β-Alanine (or beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which is an amino acid in which the amino group is at the β-position from the carboxylate group (i.e., two atoms away, see Figure 1). The IUPAC name for β-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid. Unlike its counterpart α-alanine, β-alanine has no stereocenter.

β-Alanine is not used in the biosynthesis of any major proteins or enzymes. It is formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. It is a component of the naturally occurring peptides carnosine and anserine and also of pantothenic acid (vitamin B₅), which itself is a component of coenzyme A. Under normal conditions, β-alanine is metabolized into acetic acid.

β-Alanine is the rate-limiting precursor of carnosine, which is to say carnosine levels are limited by the amount of available β-alanine, not histidine.^[3] Supplementation with β-alanine has been shown to increase the concentration of carnosine in muscles, decrease fatigue in athletes and increase total muscular work done.^[4]^[5] Simply supplementing with carnosine is not as effective as supplementing with β-alanine alone since carnosine, when taken by mouth, is simply broken down during digestion to its components, histidine and beta-alanine. This results in only about 40% of the total dose being available as beta-alanine.^[3]

Figure 1: Comparison of β-alanine (right) with the more customary (chiral) amino acid, L-α-alanine (left)

Typically, studies have used supplementing strategies of multiple doses of 400 mg or 800 mg, administered at regular intervals for up to eight hours, over periods ranging from 4 to 10 weeks.^[5]^[6] After a 10-week supplementing strategy, the reported increase in intramuscular carnosine content was an average of 80.1% (range 18 to 205%).^[5]

L-Histidine, with a pKa of 6.1 is a relatively weak buffer over the physiological intramuscular pH range. However, when bound to other amino acids, this increases nearer to 6.8-7.0. In particular, when bound to β-alanine, the pKa value is 6.83,^[7] making this a very efficient intramuscular buffer. Furthermore, because of the position of the beta amino group, β-alanine dipeptides are not incorporated into proteins, and thus can be stored at relatively high concentrations (millimolar). Occurring at 17-25 mmol/kg (dry muscle),^[8] carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is an important intramuscular buffer, constituting 10-20% of the total buffering capacity in type I and II muscle fibres.

Free β-Alanine can cause paraesthesia, a form of neuropathic pain, when ingested in amounts above 10 mg per kilogram of body weight.^[6] This is variable between individuals: mild symptoms are experienced by some individuals at 10 mg per kg of body weight; are significant in a majority at 20 mg per kg of body weight; and are severe at 40 mg/kg.^[6]

It is probable that the paraesthesia results from high peak blood-plasma concentrations of β-alanine, since an equivalent (equimolar) amount of β-alanine to 40 mg per kg of body weight did not cause paraesthesia when ingested in the form of histidine-containing dipeptides (i.e., carnosine and anserine) in chicken broth extract.^[6] In this case, the β-alanine absorption profile is flattened but sustained for a longer period of time,^[6] whereas the β-alanine samples in the sports supplementation studies was administered as the free amino acid, resulting in the rapid rise of plasma concentrations, peaking within 30 to 45 minutes, and being eliminated after 90 to 120 minutes. The paraesthesia is not necessary for efficacy, since the published studies undertaken so far have utilized doses of 400 mg or 800 mg at a time to avoid the paraesthesia. Furthermore, excretion of β-alanine in urine accounted for 0.60%(+/-0.09), 1.50%(+/-0.40), or 3.64%(+/-0.47) of the administered doses of 10, 20, or 40 mg per kg body weight,^[6] indicating greater losses occurring with increasing dosage.

Even though much weaker than glycine (and, thus, with a debated role as a physiological transmitter), β-alanine is an agonist next in activity to the cognate ligand glycine itself, for strychnine-sensitive inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) (the agonist order: glycine >> β-alanine > taurine >> alanine, L-serine > proline).^[9]

A high-potency artificial sweetener, called suosan, is derived from beta-alanine.^[10]

References

^ The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11th ed.), Merck, 1989, ISBN 091191028X , 196.
^ Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. C-83. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8. .
^ ^a ^b http://pharmacistanswers.com/beta-alanine-supplementation-for-exercise-performance.html
^ Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris R, Pottier A, Reyngoudt H, Koppo K, Wise JA, Achten E. (August 9, 2007). "Beta-alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters". J Appl Physiol 103 (5): 1736–43. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00397.2007. PMID 17690198.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Harris BD, Sale C, Boobis LH, Kim CK, Wise JA. (2007). "Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity". Amino Acids 32 (2): 225–33. doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4. PMID 16868650.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Harris, RC; Tallon, MJ; Dunnett, M; Boobis, L; Coakley, J; Kim, HJ; Fallowfield, JL; Hill, CA et al. (2006). "The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis". Amino Acids 30 (3): 279–289. doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9. PMID 16554972.
^ Bate-Smith, EC (1938). "The buffering of muscle in rigor: protein, phosphate and carnosine". Journal of Physiology 92 (3): 336–343. PMC 1395289. PMID 16994977.
^ Mannion, AF; Jakeman, PM; Dunnett, M; Harris, RC; Willan, PLT (1992). "Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans". Eur. J. Appl. Physiol 64: 47–50. doi:10.1007/BF00376439.
^ Encyclopedia of Life Sciences Amino Acid Neurotransmitters. Jeremy M Henley, 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000010, Article Online Posting Date: April 19, 2001
^ Aspartic acid-beta-4-nitroanilide in the ChemIDplus database

External links

KEGG map of β-alanine metabolism
International Society of Sports Nutrition Conference Proceedings

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English Journal

Effect of Four Weeks of β-alanine Supplementation on Muscle Carnosine and Blood Serum Lactate during Exercise in Male Rats.

Naderi A1, Hemat Far A1, Willems ME2, Sadeghi M3.
Journal of dietary supplements.J Diet Suppl.2016 Sep 2;13(5):487-94. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2015.1113223. Epub 2016 Jan 8.
β-alanine (BA) supplementation may increase muscle buffering capacity and affect physiological responses during exercise. We examined the effects of 4 weeks of BA supplementation on muscle carnosine and serum lactate in male rats. Rats (n = 24, age: 2 months, body weight: 265±22 g) were divided i
PMID 26745664

Assessing the correlation between the degree of disc degeneration on the Pfirrmann scale and the metabolites identified in HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy.

Radek M1, Pacholczyk-Sienicka B2, Jankowski S3, Albrecht Ł3, Grodzka M4, Depta A5, Radek A6.
Magnetic resonance imaging.Magn Reson Imaging.2016 May;34(4):376-80. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.12.005. Epub 2015 Dec 17.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess the correlation between the degree of degeneration of lumbar discs according to the Pfirrmann classification system and the concentrations of metabolites determined by means of 1H high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (1H
PMID 26708032

Molecular principles behind pyrazinamide resistance due to mutations in panD gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Pandey B1, Grover S2, Tyagi C3, Goyal S4, Jamal S4, Singh A5, Kaur J1, Grover A6.
Gene.Gene.2016 Apr 25;581(1):31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.024. Epub 2016 Jan 16.
The latest resurrection of drug resistance poses serious threat to the treatment and control of the disease. Mutations have been detected in panD gene in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. Mutation of histidine to arginine at residue 21 (H21R) and isoleucine to valine at residue 29 (I49V)
PMID 26784657

Japanese Journal

Effects of Acute Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Anaerobic Performance in Trained Female Cyclists

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 61(2), 161-166, 2015
NAID 130005074117

筋力/パワー系アスリートのためのサプリメント

Strength & conditioning journal : 日本ストレングス&コンディショニング協会機関誌 20(3), 56-62, 2013-04
NAID 40019623756

アスリートのための機能性食品、飲料および成分

Strength & conditioning journal : 日本ストレングス&コンディショニング協会機関誌 20(2), 57-62, 2013-03
NAID 40019599432

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「βアラニン」「beta-Ala」
拡張検索	「beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase」
関連記事	「alanine」「beta」「be」

「βアラニン」

β-Alanine
Names
	IUPAC name 3-Aminopropanoic acid
	Other names β-Alanine; 3-Aminopropionic acid
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	107-95-9
ChEBI	CHEBI:16958
ChEMBL	ChEMBL297569
ChemSpider	234
DrugBank	DB03107
EC number	203-536-5
	InChI InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c4-2-1-3(5)6/h1-2,4H2,(H,5,6) ; Key: UCMIRNVEIXFBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C3H7NO2/c4-2-1-3(5)6/h1-2,4H2,(H,5,6); Key: UCMIRNVEIXFBKS-UHFFFAOYAL ;
IUPHAR/BPS	2365
Jmol-3D images	Image
KEGG	D07561
PubChem	239
	SMILES O=C(O)CCN ;
UNII	11P2JDE17B
Properties
Chemical formula	C3H7NO2
Molar mass	89.093 g/mol
Appearance	white bipyramidal crystals
Odor	odorless
Density	1.437 g/cm3 (19 °C)
Melting point	207 °C (405 °F; 480 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	54.5 g/100 mL
Solubility	soluble in methanol. diethyl ether, acetone
log P	-3.05
Acidity (pKa)	3.63
Hazards
Main hazards	Irritant
Safety data sheet	[1]
NFPA 704	1 2 0
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (Median dose)	1000 mg/kg (rat, oral)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is: /?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: beta-alanine、beta-Ala
関: β-アラニン

「beta-Ala」

　　[★]

βアラニン

関: beta-alanine

「beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase」

　　[★]

βアラニンピルビン酸トランスアミナーゼ

「alanine」

　　[★]

アラニン

関: A、Ala、alanyl、L-alanine

「beta」

　　[★]

β、ベータ　　　　

「be」

　　[★] 　　　　　　　　　

[1] The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11th ed.), Merck, 1989, ISBN 091191028X , 196.

[2] Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. C-83. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8. .

[pharmacistanswers.com-3] ttp://pharmacistanswers.com/beta-alanine-supplementation-for-exercise-performance.html

[4] Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris R, Pottier A, Reyngoudt H, Koppo K, Wise JA, Achten E. (August 9, 2007). "Beta-alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters". J Appl Physiol 103 (5): 1736–43. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00397.2007. PMID 17690198.

[Hill2007-5] Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Harris BD, Sale C, Boobis LH, Kim CK, Wise JA. (2007). "Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity". Amino Acids 32 (2): 225–33. doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4. PMID 16868650.

[Harris2006-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Harris, RC; Tallon, MJ; Dunnett, M; Boobis, L; Coakley, J; Kim, HJ; Fallowfield, JL; Hill, CA et al. (2006). "The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis". Amino Acids 30 (3): 279–289. doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9. PMID 16554972.

[7] Bate-Smith, EC (1938). "The buffering of muscle in rigor: protein, phosphate and carnosine". Journal of Physiology 92 (3): 336–343. PMC 1395289. PMID 16994977.

[8] Mannion, AF; Jakeman, PM; Dunnett, M; Harris, RC; Willan, PLT (1992). "Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans". Eur. J. Appl. Physiol 64: 47–50. doi:10.1007/BF00376439.

[9] Encyclopedia of Life Sciences Amino Acid Neurotransmitters. Jeremy M Henley, 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000010, Article Online Posting Date: April 19, 2001

[chemidplus-10] Aspartic acid-beta-4-nitroanilide in the ChemIDplus database

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案内

beta-alanine