関: Abies、Abies balsamea

WordNet

true firs (同)genus Abies
strong lightweight wood of the balsa tree used especially for floats (同)balsa wood
forest tree of lowland Central America having a strong very light wood; used for making floats and rafts and in crafts (同)Ochroma lagopus
any of various fragrant oleoresins used in medicines and perfumes
any seed plant yielding balsam
an ointment containing a fragrant resin
any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies; chiefly of upland areas (同)fir_tree, true fir
nonresinous wood of a fir tree

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉バルサ材(軽く強いので,救命用具・いかだ・模型飛行機などに用いる) / 〈C〉バルサの木(熱帯アメリカ産)
〈U〉バルサム,香膏(こう)(液状樹脂;薬用・工業用) / 〈C〉ホウセンカの類
モミ,モミの木(クリスマスツリーに用いられる) / モミ材
発射,発砲 / 火をたくこと,(炉などの)火入れ,点火 / 燃料,薪炭
farad / forte

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/21 05:15:44」(JST)

wiki en

Abies balsamea or balsam fir is a North American fir, native to most of eastern and central Canada (Newfoundland west to central British Columbia) and the northeastern United States (Minnesota east to Maine, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to West Virginia).^[2]

Growth

Foliage

Balsam fir is a small to medium-size evergreen tree typically 14–20 metres (46–66 ft) tall, rarely to 27 metres (89 ft) tall, with a narrow conic crown. The bark on young trees is smooth, grey, and with resin blisters (which tend to spray when ruptured), becoming rough and fissured or scaly on old trees. The leaves are flat needle-like, 15 to 30 millimetres (½–1 in) long, dark green above often with a small patch of stomata near the tip, and two white stomatal bands below, and a slightly notched tip. They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but with the leaf bases twisted to appear in two more-or-less horizontal rows. The cones are erect, 40 to 80 millimetres (1½–3 in) long, dark purple, ripening brown and disintegrating to release the winged seeds in September.

Variety

There are two varieties:

Abies balsamea var. balsamea (balsam fir) – bracts subtending seed scales short, not visible on the closed cones. Most of the species' range.
Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis (bracted balsam fir or Canaan fir) – bracts subtending seed scales longer, visible on the closed cone. The southeast of the species' range, from southernmost Quebec to West Virginia. The name 'Canaan Fir' derives from one of its native localities, the Canaan Valley in West Virginia. Some botanists regard this variety as a natural hybrid between balsam fir and Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), which occurs further south in the Appalachian mountains.

Ecology

On mountain tops, stands of Balsam fir occasionally develop fir waves. Often found in association with Black Spruce, White Spruce and trembling aspen.

This tree provides food for moose, American red squirrels, crossbills and chickadees, as well as shelter for moose, snowshoe hares, white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse and other small mammals and songbirds. The needles are eaten by some lepidopteran caterpillars, for example the Io moth (Automeris io).

Uses

Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) essential oil in clear glass vial

Both varieties of the species are very popular as Christmas trees, particularly in the northeastern United States. The resin is used to produce Canada balsam, and was traditionally used as a cold remedy and as a glue for glasses, optical instrument components, and for preparing permanent mounts of microscope specimens. The wood is milled for framing lumber (part of SPF lumber), siding and pulped for paper manufacture. Balsam fir oil is an EPA approved nontoxic rodent repellent. The balsam fir is also used as an air freshener and as incense.^[3]

Prior to the availability of foam rubber and air mattresses; balsam fir boughs were a preferred mattress in places where trees greatly outnumbered campers. Many fir limbs are vertically bowed from alternating periods of downward deformation from snow loading and new growth reaching upward for sunlight. Layers of inverted freshly cut limbs from small trees created a pleasantly fragrant mattress lifting bedding off the wet ground; and the bowed green limbs were springs beneath the soft needles. Upper layers of limbs were placed with the cut ends of the limbs touching the earth to avoid uncomfortably sharp spots and sap.^[4]

The cultivar A. balsamia 'Hudsonia group' (Hudson fir), has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[5]

The Native Americans used it for a variety of medicinal purposes.^[6]

Tree emblem

Balsam Fir is the Provincial tree of New Brunswick.

References

^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Abies balsamea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
^ "PLANTS Profile for Abies balsamea (balsam fir)". USDA PLANTS. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ Thoreau, Henry David The Maine Woods Apollo edition (1966) Thomas Y. Crowell Company
^ "RHS Plant Selector Abies balsamea Hudsonia Group AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
^ http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Abies+balsamea

External links

Farjon, A. (2013). "Abies balsamea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Gymnosperm Database: Abies balsamea
Flora of North America
Karen Legasy, Shayna LaBelle-Beadman & Brenda Chambers. Forest Plants of Northeastern Ontario. Lone Pine Publishing / Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1995.
Winter ID pictures
Compiled images
Interactive Distribution Map of Abies balsamea

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abies balsamea.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin.

Kačániová M1, Vukovič N, Horská E, Salamon I, Bobková A, Hleba L, Fiskelová M, Vatľák A, Petrová J, Bobko M.
Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes.J Environ Sci Health B.2014 Jul 3;49(7):505-12. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2014.896673.
In the present study, the antimicrobial and antiradical activities of 15 essential oils were investigated. The antimicrobial activities were determined by using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against Clostridium genus and antioxidant properties of essential oils by testing their
PMID 24813985

Combined effect of elevated UVB, elevated temperature and fertilization on growth, needle structure and phytochemistry of young Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings.

Virjamo V1, Sutinen S, Julkunen-Tiitto R.
Global change biology.Glob Chang Biol.2014 Jul;20(7):2252-60. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12464. Epub 2014 Apr 23.
Simultaneously with warming climate, other climatic and environmental factors are also changing. Here, we investigated for the first time the effects of elevated temperature, increased ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation, fertilization and all combinations of these on the growth, secondary chemistry and n
PMID 24804850

Increased water-use efficiency does not lead to enhanced tree growth under xeric and mesic conditions.

Lévesque M1, Siegwolf R, Saurer M, Eilmann B, Rigling A.
The New phytologist.New Phytol.2014 Jul;203(1):94-109. doi: 10.1111/nph.12772. Epub 2014 Mar 17.
Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ca ) can under certain conditions increase tree growth by enhancing photosynthesis, resulting in an increase of intrinsic water-use efficiency (i WUE) in trees. However, the magnitude of these effects and their interactions with changing climatic conditions are
PMID 24635031

Japanese Journal

Establishment and dynamics of the balsam fir seedling bank in old forests of northern Quebec

PARENT S
Can J For Res 33, 597-603, 2003
NAID 80015933233

Antitumor activity of balsam fir oil : production of reactive oxygen species induced by α-humulene as possible mechanism of action

LEGAULT J
Planta Med 69, 402-407, 2003
NAID 30015508084

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「バルサムモミ」「Abies balsamea」「Abies」「バルサムファー」
関連記事	「firing」「balsam」

「バルサムモミ」

Abies balsamea
	Tree with cones
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Pinaceae
Genus:	Abies
Species:	A. balsamea
Binomial name
	Abies balsamea; (L.) Mill.
	Range
Synonyms
	Pinus balsamea L.; Pinus taxifolia Salisb.; Abies balsamifera Michx.; Peuce balsamea (L.) Rich.; Abies hudsonia Bosc ex Jacques; Picea balsamea (L.) Loudon; Abies minor Duhamel ex Gordon; Picea aromatica Carrière;

　　[★]

英: balsam fir、Abies balsamea
関: カナダバルサム、モミ属、バルサムファー

「Abies balsamea」

　　[★]

カナダバルサム、バルサムモミ

関: Abies、balsam fir、Canada balsam

「Abies」

　　[★]

モミ属、アビエス属、Abies属

関: Abies balsamea、balsam fir

「バルサムファー」

　　[★]

英: balsam fir
関: モミ属、バルサムモミ

「firing」

　　[★]

n.

発火、発射

関: discharge、fire、ignition、shot

「balsam」

　　[★]

バルサム　　　　

[iucn-1] Farjon, A. (2013). "Abies balsamea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved May 2, 2014.

[2] "PLANTS Profile for Abies balsamea (balsam fir)". USDA PLANTS. Retrieved 2007-07-17.

[3] [1]^{[dead link]}

[4] Thoreau, Henry David The Maine Woods Apollo edition (1966) Thomas Y. Crowell Company

[5] "RHS Plant Selector Abies balsamea Hudsonia Group AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-08-30.

[6] ttp://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Abies+balsamea

匿名

検索

案内

案内

balsam fir