WordNet

any of various fragrant oleoresins used in medicines and perfumes
any seed plant yielding balsam
an ointment containing a fragrant resin
dark brown syrupy balsam from the Peruvian balsam tree used especially in dressing wounds and treating certain skin diseases
poplar of northeastern North America with broad heart-shaped leaves (同)hackmatack, tacamahac, Populus balsamifera
tree of South and Central America yielding an aromatic balsam (同)Myroxylon pereirae, Myroxylon balsamum pereirae
strong lightweight wood of the balsa tree used especially for floats (同)balsa wood
forest tree of lowland Central America having a strong very light wood; used for making floats and rafts and in crafts (同)Ochroma lagopus

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〈U〉バルサム,香膏(こう)(液状樹脂;薬用・工業用) / 〈C〉ホウセンカの類
〈U〉バルサ材(軽く強いので,救命用具・いかだ・模型飛行機などに用いる) / 〈C〉バルサの木(熱帯アメリカ産)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/23 04:14:39」(JST)

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Balsam (also: turpentine) is the resinous exudate (or sap), which forms on certain kinds of trees and shrubs. Balsam (from Hebrew bosem בֹּשֶׂם, "spice", "perfume") owes its name to the biblical Balm of Gilead.^{[citation needed]}

Chemistry

Balsam is a solution of plant-specific resins in plant-specific solvents (essential oils). Such resins can include resin acids, esters, or alcohols. The exudate is a mobile to highly viscous liquid and often contains crystallized resin particles. Over time and as a result of other influences the exudate loses its liquidizing components or gets chemically converted into a solid material (i.e. by autoxidation).^[1]

Some authors require balsams to contain benzoic or cinnamic acid or their esters.^[2]

Resins are difficult to classify because of their amorphous nature.^[2] Even the term "resin" is not sharply defined.^[3] Several attempts were made to differentiate between waxes and other classes of substance, particularly fats, resins, and high molar mass polymers, by using several criteria. These primarily physical definitions are to some extent arbitrary and are not generally accepted.^[4]

Plant resins are sometimes classified as mixtures with other plant constituents, for example as pure resins (guaiac, hashish) gum-resins (containing gums/polysaccharides), oleo-gum-resins (a mixture of gums, resins and essential oils), oleo-resins (a mixture of resins and essential oils, e. g. capsicum, ginger and aspidinol), balsams (resinous mixtures that contain cinnamic and/or benzoic acid or their esters), and glycoresins (podophyllin, jalap, kava kava).^[2]

There is also rubber (latex), which consists of 1,4-polyisoprene.^[5]

Non-plant natural resins include fossil and mined resins (amber, Utah resin, asphaltite), and animal resins (shellac).^[1]

Safety

Some balsams, such as Balsam of Peru, may be associated with allergies.^[6]^[7] In particular, Euphorbia latex ("wolf's milk") is strongly irritant and cytotoxic.^{[citation needed]}

List of balsam-like substances

Gum resins

Bdellium
Frankincense (Olibanum)
Myrrh
Opopanax

Other

Ammoniacum
Asafoetida (Laser)
Balm of Gilead
Balsam of Peru
Balsam of Tolu
Benzoin resin
Bukhoor
Camphor
Canada balsam
Chinese lacquer (Japanese lacquer)
Copaiba balsam
Copal
Damar
Elemi
Galbanum
Gurjun balsam
Labdanum
Mastic
Rosin (Colophony)
Sagapenum
Sandarac
Sarcocolla
Styrax balsam
Turpentine
"Venice turpentine" from the (Larix occidentalis)

Balsam of Mecca

The liquid balsam called Balsam of Mecca is extracted from the tree Commiphora gileadensis (synonym: Commiphora opobalsamum)^[8] It is designated in the Bible by various names: bosem, besem, ẓori, nataf, and, in rabbinic literature, kataf, balsam, appobalsamon, afarsemon. It was used as a perfume and as a drug.^[9]

It was extracted both as the volatile component of the sap of the tree, and by boiling the stems and leaves.^[9] It was the only tropical, and the most expensive, spice grown in Israel.^[10] It was known to Pliny (Historia Naturalis 12:116; 13.18) as opobalsamum.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b Klemens Fiebach; Dieter Grimm (2007), "Resins, Natural", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 2
^ ^a ^b ^c Andrew Pengelly (2004), "Essential oils and resins", The constituents of medicinal plants (2nd ed.), Allen & Unwin, p. 102
^ Gerd Collin et al. (2007), "Resins, Synthetic", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 1
^ Uwe Wolfmeier et al. (2007), "Waxes", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 3
^ Heinz-Hermann Greve (2007), "Rubber, Natural", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 1
^ Edward T. Bope, Rick D. Kellerman (2013). Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult. Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
^ "Balsam of Peru induced contact allergy", DermatitisFacts.com. Accessed: October 11, 2007
^ Lumír O. Hanuš et al. (2005), "Myrrh-Commiphora Chemistry", Biomed. Papers 149 (1): 3–23, doi:10.5507/bp.2005.001, PMID 16170385
^ ^a ^b Groom, N. (1981). Frankincense and Myrrh: A Study of the Arabian Incense Trade. London and New York: Longman, Librairie de Liban. pp. 126–129. ISBN 0-582-76476-9.
^ Jehuda Feliks (2007), "Balsam", Encyclopaedia Judaica 3 (2nd ed.), Thomson Gale, p. 95
^ "opobalsamum", Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 1254

This page is an index of articles on plant species (or higher taxonomic groups) with the same common name (vernacular name). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to edit the linking article so that it links directly to the intended article.

UpToDate Contents

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1. アレルギー性接触皮膚炎の一般的なアレルゲン common allergens in allergic contact dermatitis
2. 小児における接触皮膚炎 contact dermatitis in children
3. うっ滞性皮膚炎 stasis dermatitis
4. 食品添加物に対するアレルギー反応および喘息反応を評価するための検査法およびチャレンジテスト testing and challenge procedures to evaluate allergic and asthmatic reactions to food additives

English Journal

The Reply.

Bangalore S1, Gupta N2, Guo Y1, Lala A1, Balsam L1, Roswell RO1, Reyentovich A1, Hochman JS1.
The American journal of medicine.Am J Med.2015 Aug;128(8):e25. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.04.005.
PMID 26210462

Correction to Ward et al. (2015).

Ward RD1, Winiger V1, Higa KK1, Kahn JB1, Kandel ER2, Balsam PD1, Simpson EH2.
Behavioral neuroscience.Behav Neurosci.2015 Aug;129(4):379. doi: 10.1037/bne0000085.
Reports an error in "The impact of motivation on cognitive performance in an animal model of the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia" by Ryan D. Ward, Vanessa Winiger, Kerin K. Higa, Julia B. Kahn, Eric R. Kandel, Peter D. Balsam and Eleanor H. Simpson (Behavioral Neuroscience, 2015[Jun
PMID 26214211

Population genetics of freeze tolerance among natural populations of Populus balsamifera across the growing season.

Menon M1, Barnes WJ1, Olson MS1.
The New phytologist.New Phytol.2015 Aug;207(3):710-22. doi: 10.1111/nph.13381. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
Protection against freeze damage during the growing season influences the northern range limits of plants. Freeze tolerance and freeze avoidance are the two major freeze resistance strategies. Winter survival strategies have been extensively studied in perennials, but few have addressed them and the
PMID 25809016

Influence of beta-blockers on endothelial function: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Peller M, Ozierański K, Balsam P1, Grabowski M, Filipiak KJ, Opolski G.
Cardiology journal.Cardiol J.2015 Jul 23. doi: 10.5603/CJ.a2015.0042. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction (ED) frequently precedes cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and is a well-established risk factor of major adverse cardiac events. Beta-blockers are the fundamental drugs used in CVD treatment.METHODS: A systematic literature search for randomized controlled trials inv
PMID 26202651

Japanese Journal

F344ラットにおけるホウセンカ抽出物の13週間亜慢性毒性試験

豊田武士,高見成昭,今井俊夫,〓永晩,蓮村麻衣,水田保子,大波冴子,鈴木勇,廣瀬雅雄,西川秋佳,小川久美子
日本食品化学学会誌 20(1), 52-60, 2013-04-22
ホウセンカ抽出物はホウセンカ(Impatiens balsamina)全草からエタノール抽出によって得られ、酸化防止剤として既存添加物に指定されていた。今回、ホウセンカ抽出物の安全性を確認する目的で、ラットに13週間飲水投与し、その毒性影響を検討した。6週齢のF344ラット雌雄各群10匹に対し、ホウセンカ抽出物を0、1.25、2.5、5.0%の濃度で飲水投与した。投与期間中、一般状態、体重、摂餌量 …
NAID 110009603497

ヘチマとツルレイシの新しい視点による教材化と実践

相場博明,松尾？,柊原礼士
日本理科教育学会理科教育学研究 53(2), 201-208, 2012-11-00
NAID 40019532111

White Blood Cell Transcriptome Correlates With Renal Function in Acute Heart Failure

Szmit Sebastian,Jank Michal,Maciejewski Henryk,Balsam Pawel,Majewska Alicja,Loj Magdalena,Grabowski Marcin,Filipiak Krzysztof J.,Motyl Tomasz,Opolski Grzegorz
International Heart Journal 53(2), 117-124, 2012
It is notoriously difficult to classify patients with acute heart failure (AHF) because of variations in clinical presentation, different etiologies, the impact of comorbidities, and variable prognose …
NAID 130001914126