弱毒ワクチン、弱毒化ワクチン

関: inactivated vaccine

WordNet

become weaker, in strength, value, or magnitude
reduced in strength; "the faded tones of an old recording" (同)attenuated, faded, weakened
immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies (同)vaccinum
of an electrical signal; reduced in amplitude with little or no distortion

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈固体など〉'を'細くする;〈体など〉'を'やせさせる / 〈力・価値など〉'を'減じる,弱める
牛痘種,痘苗(牛痘を起こすビールスで,天然痘予防のために人体に接種される) / (伝染病の病原菌から作った)ワクチン

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/11/25 04:46:06」(JST)

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An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or "live").^[1] Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the virus (inactivated vaccine).

Examples

Examples of "live" (example attenuated) vaccines include:

Viral: measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, rubella vaccine, Live attenuated influenza vaccine (the seasonal flu nasal spray and the 2009 H1N1 flu nasal spray), chicken pox vaccine, smallpox vaccine, oral polio vaccine (Sabin), rotavirus vaccine, and yellow fever vaccine.^[2] Rabies vaccines are now available in two different attenuated forms, one for use in humans, and one for animal usage.
Bacterial: BCG vaccine,^[2] typhoid vaccine^[3] and epidemic typhus vaccine.

Development

Viruses may be attenuated via passage of the virus through a foreign host, such as:

Tissue culture
Embryonated eggs
Live animals

The initial virus population is applied to a foreign host. One or more of these will possess a mutation that enables it to infect the new host. These mutations will spread, as the mutations allow the virus to grow well in the new host; the result is a population that is significantly different from the initial population, and thus will not grow well in the original host when it is re-introduced (hence is "attenuated"). This process is known as "passage" in which the virus becomes so well adapted to the foreign host that it is no longer harmful to the vaccinated subject. This makes it easier for the host's immune system to eliminate the agent and create the immunological memory cells which will likely protect the patient if they are infected with a similar version of the virus in "the wild".

Administration

In an attenuated vaccine, live virus particles with very low virulence are administered. They will reproduce, but very slowly. Since they do reproduce and continue to present antigen beyond the initial vaccination, boosters are required less often. These vaccines are produced by growing the virus in tissue cultures that will select for less virulent strains, or by mutagenesis or targeted deletions in genes required for virulence. There is a small risk of reversion to virulence; this risk is smaller in vaccines with deletions. Attenuated vaccines also cannot be used by immunocompromised individuals.

Advantages

Activates all phases of the immune system (for instance IgA local antibodies are produced)^[4]
Provides more durable immunity; boosters are required less frequently^{[citation needed]}
Low cost^{[citation needed]}
Quick immunity^{[citation needed]}
Some are easy to transport/administer (for instance OPV for polio can be taken orally, rather than requiring a sterile injection by a trained healthworker, as the inactivated form IPV does)^[5]
Vaccines have strong beneficial non-specific effects. That is effects which go beyond the specific protective effects against the targeted diseases.^[6]

Disadvantages

Secondary mutation can cause a reversion to virulence.^[7]
Can cause severe complications in immunocompromised patients.^[8]
Some can be difficult to transport due to requirement to maintain conditions (e.g. temperature)

References

^ Badgett MR, Auer A, Carmichael LE, Parrish CR, Bull JJ (October 2002). "Evolutionary dynamics of viral attenuation". J. Virol. 76 (20): 10524–9. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.20.10524-10529.2002. PMC 136581. PMID 12239331.
^ ^a ^b "Immunization". Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
^ Levine, Myron M.; Ferreccio, Catterine; Black, Robert E.; Lagos, Rosanna; Martin, Oriana San; Blackwelder, William C. (July 15, 2007). "Ty21a Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine and Prevention of Paratyphoid Fever Caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 45 (Supplement 1): S24–S28. doi:10.1086/518141. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 17582564.
^ Pasetti, Marcela F; Simon, Jakub K.; Sztein, Marcelo B.; Levine, Myron M. (9 March 2012). "Immunology of Gut Mucosal Vaccines". PMC US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
^ "Polio and the Introduction of IPV for health workers (September 2014)" (PDF). WHO.int. World Health Organization. 1 September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ Benn, Christine S.; Netea, Mihai G.; Selin, Liisa K.; Aaby, Peter (September 2013). "A small jab – a big effect: nonspecific immunomodulation by vaccines". Trends in Immunology. Elsevier. 34 (9): 431–439. doi:10.1016/j.it.2013.04.004. PMID 23680130.
^ Shimizu H, Thorley B, Paladin FJ, et al. (December 2004). "Circulation of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus in the Philippines in 2001". J. Virol. 78 (24): 13512–21. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.24.13512-13521.2004. PMC 533948. PMID 15564462.
^ Kroger, Andrew T.; Ciro V. Sumaya; Larry K. Pickering; William L. Atkinson (2011-01-28). "General Recommendations on Immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

External links

Global Polio Eradication Initiative: Advantages and Disadvantages of Vaccine Types
CDC H1N1 Flu / 2009 H1N1 Nasal Spray Vaccine Q&A at the website of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

UpToDate Contents

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5. B型肝炎ウイルスワクチン hepatitis b virus vaccination

English Journal

Analysis of the complete genomic sequences of two virus subpopulations of the Australian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine VicS.

Quinteros JA1, Markham PF, Lee SW, Hewson KA, Hartley CA, Legione AR, Coppo MJ, Vaz PK, Browning GF.
Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A.Avian Pathol.2015 Jun;44(3):182-91. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1022857. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
Although sequencing of the 3' end of the genome of Australian infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) has shown that their structural genes are distinct from those of IBVs found in other countries, their replicase genes have not been analysed. To examine this, the complete genomic sequences of the two
PMID 25721384

Establishment of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection and differentiation of canine distemper virus infected and vaccinated animals.

Liu DF1, Liu CG2, Tian J3, Jiang YT4, Zhang XZ2, Chai HL5, Yang TK2, Yin XC5, Zhang HY2, Liu M2, Hua YP6, Qu LD7.
Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.Infect Genet Evol.2015 Jun;32:102-6. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.002. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
Although widespread vaccination against canine distemper virus (CDV) has been conducted for many decades, several canine distemper outbreaks in vaccinated animals have been reported frequently. In order to detect and differentiate the wild-type and vaccine strains of the CDV from the vaccinated anim
PMID 25769803

Longevity of B-cell and T-cell responses after live attenuated influenza vaccination in children.

Mohn KG1, Bredholt G1, Brokstad KA2, Pathirana RD1, Aarstad HJ3, Tøndel C4, Cox RJ5.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2015 May 15;211(10):1541-9. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu654. Epub 2014 Nov 25.
BACKGROUND: The live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is the preferred vaccine for children, but the mechanisms behind protective immune responses are unclear, and the duration of immunity remains to be elucidated. This study reports on the longevity of B-cell and T-cell responses elicited by the
PMID 25425696

Japanese Journal

Construction of an attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A vaccine strain harboring defined mutations in htrA and yncD

Microbiology and immunology 59(8), 443-451, 2015-08
NAID 40020581479

臨床研究・症例報告『はしか風しん混合生ワクチン「北里第一三共」』の安全性の検討 : 使用成績調査結果

小児科臨床 68(2), 281-291, 2015-02
NAID 40020328576

Persistence of immunity acquired by single dose rubella vaccination in Japan

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases advpub(0), 2015
NAID 130005091859

「弱毒ワクチン」

　　[★]

英: inactivated vaccine、attenuated vaccine
関: 不活化ワクチン、不活性化ワクチン、弱毒化ワクチン

「弱毒化ワクチン」

　　[★]

英: attenuated vaccine
関: 弱毒ワクチン

「live attenuated vaccine」

　　[★] 生ワクチン。弱毒生ワクチン

「live-attenuated vaccines」