tenuous

• adj.

• 薄い。細い。弱い。乏しい。希薄な。薄弱な。不明瞭な、微細な

関

dilute、rare、thin

関

attenuate

　 　 　

WordNet

1. very thin in gauge or diameter; "a tenuous thread"
2. having thin consistency; "a tenuous fluid"
3. relatively thin in consistency or low in density; not viscous; "air is thin at high altitudes"; "a thin soup"; "skimmed milk is much thinner than whole milk"; "thin oil"
4. lacking excess flesh; "you cant be too rich or too thin"; "Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look"-Shakespeare (同)lean
5. (of sound) lacking resonance or volume; "a thin feeble cry"
6. lacking spirit or sincere effort; "a thin smile"
7. lose thickness; become thin or thinner
8. make thin or thinner; "Thin the solution"
9. of relatively small extent from one surface to the opposite or in cross section; "thin wire"; "a thin chiffon blouse"; "a thin book"; "a thin layer of paint"
10. recurring only at long intervals; "a rare appearance"; "total eclipses are rare events"
11. having low density; "rare gasses"; "lightheaded from the rarefied mountain air" (同)rarefied, rarified
12. marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind; "what is so rare as a day in June"-J.R.Lowell; "a rare skill"; "an uncommon sense of humor"; "she was kind to an uncommon degree" (同)uncommon
13. (of meat) cooked a short time; still red inside; "rare roast beef"
14. not widely distributed; "rare herbs"; "rare patches of green in the desert"
15. not widely known; especially valued for its uncommonness; "a rare word"; "rare books"
16. become weaker, in strength, value, or magnitude
17. reduced in strength; "the faded tones of an old recording" (同)attenuated, faded, weakened
18. lessen the strength or flavor of a solution or mixture; "cut bourbon" (同)thin, thin_out, reduce, cut
19. in a tenuous manner; "his works tenuously survive in the minds of a few scholars"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 薄い;細い / (根拠などが)薄弱な;実体のない;あまり重用でない / (区別が)あいまいな。ぼんやりした
2. 『薄い』 / 細い / 『やせた』,やつれた / (液体・気体が)『薄い』,希薄な / まばらな,密集していない / 内容のない,見え透いた / (音・声が)『か細い』 / 薄く,細く,まばらに / …‘を'薄くする,細くする,まばらにする / 薄くなる,細くなる,まばらになる
3. 『まれな』,『珍しい』,めったにない / (空気などが)薄い,希薄な(thin) / 《話》すてきな,たいへんな
4. (肉などが)生焼けの,半煮えの
5. 〈固体など〉'を'細くする;〈体など〉'を'やせさせる / 〈力・価値など〉'を'減じる,弱める
6. (…で)〈液体〉‘を'薄める《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈力・効力など〉‘を'弱める / (液体などが)薄い

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/29 06:48:54」(JST)

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This article is about the mental state. For other uses, see Doubt (disambiguation).

"Tenuous" redirects here. For other uses, see wiktionary:tenuous.

Part of a series on
Certainty
Agnosticism Approximation Belief Certainty Doubt Determinism Epistemology Fallibilism Fatalism Hypothesis Justification Nihilism Probability Scientific theory Skepticism Solipsism Theory Truth Uncertainty

Doubt, a status between belief and disbelief, involves uncertainty or distrust or lack of sureness of an alleged fact, an action, a motive, or a decision. Doubt brings into question some notion of a perceived "reality", and may involve delaying or rejecting relevant action out of concerns for mistakes or faults or appropriateness. Some definitions of doubt emphasize the state in which the mind remains suspended between two contradictory propositions and unable to assent to either of them (compare paradox).

Doubt

The concept of doubt covers a range of phenomena: one can characterise both deliberate questioning of uncertainties and an emotional state of indecision as "doubt".

Impact on society

Doubt sometimes tends to call on reason. Doubt may encourage people to hesitate before acting, and/or to apply more rigorous methods. Doubt may have particular importance as leading towards disbelief or non-acceptance.

Politics, ethics and law, with decisions that often determine the course of individual life, place great importance on doubt, and often foster elaborate adversarial processes to carefully sort through all available evidence.

Societally, doubt creates an atmosphere of distrust, being accusatory in nature and de facto alleging either foolishness or deceit on the part of another. Such a stance has been fostered in Western European society since the Enlightenment, in opposition to tradition and authority.

Psychology

Psychoanalytic Theory attributes doubt (which may be interpreted as a symptom of a phobia emanating from the ego) to childhood, when the ego develops. Childhood experiences, these theories maintain, can plant doubt about one's abilities and even about one's very identity.

Cognitive mental as well as more spiritual approaches abound in response to the wide variety of potential causes for doubt. Behavioral therapy — in which a person systematically asks his own mind if the doubt has any real basis — uses rational, Socratic methods. This method contrasts to those of say, the Buddhist faith, which involve a more esoteric approach to doubt and inaction. Buddhism sees doubt as a negative attachment to one's perceived past and future. To let go of the personal history of one's life (affirming this release every day in meditation) plays a central role in releasing the doubts — developed in and attached to — that history.

Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt.

Philosophy

Descartes employed Cartesian doubt as a pre-eminent methodological tool in his fundamental philosophical investigations. Branches of philosophy like logic devote much effort to distinguish the dubious, the probable and the certain. Much of illogic rests on dubious assumptions, dubious data or dubious conclusions, with rhetoric, whitewashing, and deception playing their accustomed roles.

Theology

The Incredulity of Saint Thomas by Caravaggio.

Doubt that god(s) exist may form the basis of agnosticism — the belief that one cannot determine the existence or non-existence of god(s). It may also form other brands of skepticism, such as Pyrrhonism, which do not take a positive stance in regard to the existence of god(s), but remain negative. Alternatively, doubt over the existence of god(s) may lead to acceptance of a particular religion: compare Pascal's Wager. Doubt of a specific theology, scriptural or deistic, may bring into question the truth of that theology's set of beliefs. On the other hand, doubt as to some doctrines but acceptance of others may lead to the growth of heresy and/or the splitting off of sects or groups of thought. Thus proto-Protestants doubted papal authority, and substituted alternative methods of governance in their new (but still recognizably similar) churches.

Christianity often debates doubt in the contexts of salvation and eventual redemption in an afterlife. This issue has become particularly important in Protestantism, which requires only the acceptance of Jesus, though more contemporary versions have arisen within the Protestant churches that resemble Catholicism. The debate appears less important in most other theologies, religions and ethical traditions.

Doubts, by Henrietta Rae, 1886

Doubt as a path towards (deeper) belief lies at the heart of the story of Saint Thomas the Apostle. Note in this respect the theological views of Georg Hermes:

... the starting-point and chief principle of every science, and hence of theology also, is not only methodical doubt, but positive doubt. One can believe only what one has perceived to be true from reasonable grounds, and consequently one must have the courage to continue doubting until one has found reliable grounds to satisfy the reason.

Christian existentialists such as Søren Kierkegaard suggest that for one to truly have belief in God, one would also have to doubt one's beliefs about God; the doubt is the rational part of a person's thought involved in weighing evidence, without which the belief would have no real substance. Belief is not a decision based on evidence that, say, certain beliefs about God are true or a certain person is worthy of love. No such evidence could ever be enough to pragmatically justify the kind of total commitment involved in true theological belief or romantic love. Belief involves making that commitment anyway. Kierkegaard thought that to have belief is at the same time to have doubt.

Law

Most criminal cases within an adversarial system require that the prosecution proves its contentions beyond a reasonable doubt — a doctrine also called the "Burden of Proof". This means that the State must present propositions which preclude "reasonable doubt" in the mind of a reasonable person as to the guilt of defendant. Some doubt may persist, but only to the extent that it would not affect a "reasonable person's" belief in the defendant's guilt. If the doubt raised does affect a "reasonable person's" belief, the jury is not satisfied beyond a "reasonable doubt". The jurisprudence of the applicable jurisdiction usually defines the precise meaning of words such as "reasonable" and "doubt" for such purposes.

Science

Scientific advancement is initiated by a person doubting a hypothesis.

In animals

See also

• Doubting Thomas
• Fear, uncertainty and doubt
• List of ethics topics
• Methodic doubt
• Philosophical skepticism
• Question
• Reasonable doubt
• Skepticism

Notes and references

Further reading

• Berger, Peter L. and Zijderveld, Anton (2009). In Praise of Doubt: How to Have Convictions Without Becoming a Fanatic. New York: HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-177816-2. A book by two eminent sociologists, one American and the other Dutch.
• Hecht, Jennifer Michael (2003). Doubt: a history: the great doubters and their legacy of innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-009795-7.  This book traces the role of doubt through human history, all over the world, particularly regarding religion.
• Hein, David (Winter 2006). "Faith and Doubt in Rose Macaulay's The Towers of Trebizond". Anglican Theological Review 88 (1): 47-68. ISSN 0003-3286.

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• Thrombus associated with peripherally inserted central catheterization is not uncommon. Treatment is typically conservative; however, more aggressive therapies can be considered in patients with tenuous medical condition. The authors present a patient with metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma masquer
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• Rapid kinetic methods to dissect steroidogenic cytochrome P450 reaction mechanisms.

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• The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.2015 Oct 22. pii: S0960-0760(15)30107-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.005. [Epub ahead of print]
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Japanese Journal

• Appearance of Jet-Driving Poynting Flux in Hot, Tenuous Accretion Disks Threaded by an Ordered Magnetic Field

• KABURAKI Osamu
• PASJ : publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 64(2), 39-1, 2012-04-25
• NAID 10030748214

• 虐待予防に寄与する産み育て支援システムの構築 : 病産院退院後からの母親支援の必要性を中心に

• 古川 洋子,金子 龍太郎
• 龍谷大学大学院研究紀要. 社会学・社会福祉学 19, 19-35, 2012-03
• … They cannot ask for support either from their hard-working husband or from other relatives in a tenuous relationship. …
• NAID 110008922562

• A 2D simulation study of Langmuir, whistler, and cyclotron maser instabilities induced by an electron ring-beam distribution

• Lee K. H.,Omura Y.,Lee L. C.
• PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 18(9), 2011-09
• … We carried out a series of 2D simulations to study the beam instability and cyclotron maser instability (CMI) with the initial condition that a population of tenuous energetic electrons with a ring-beam distribution is present in a magnetized background plasma. …
• NAID 120004920392

• CFRインタビュー HIV・AIDS対策とグローバルヘルスの課題

• Garrett Laurie
• フォーリン・アフェアーズ・リポート 2011(7), 86-90, 2011-07
• NAID 40018916610

Related Links

• Tenuous | Define Tenuous at Dictionary.com

People close to the family say his relationship with Amanda, who is only 14 years younger, was complicated and tenuous at times. ... Along the way, American became indebted and many millions of Americans fell from their tenuous position in the middle class.

• Tenuous | Definition of tenuous by Merriam-Webster

Full Definition of TENUOUS 1: not dense: rare <a tenuous fluid> 2: not thick : slender <a tenuous rope> 3 a: having little substance or strength : flimsy, weak <tenuous influences> b: shaky 2a <tenuous reasons> — ten · u · ous · ly ...

• Tenuous Synonyms, Tenuous Antonyms | Thesaurus.com

Synonyms for tenuous at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Dictionary and Word of the Day. ... Relevance ranks synonyms and suggests the best matches based on how closely a synonym’s ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「thin」「rare」「attenuate」「dilute」「希薄」

「thin」

　　[★]

(比較級thinner-最上級thinnest

• adj.

• (物が)薄い。(コート・毛皮などが)薄手の。(物が)(事で)薄くなった(from)(⇔thick)
• (針金・指などが)細い、細長い。(活字・筆跡などが)肉細の
• (ヒト・動物・顔などが)やせた、ほっそりした

+イメージ：lean 体が締まっていて健康的, willowy すらっとしている, slender, slim

-イメージ：skinny, bony, scrawny, gaunt, underweight

• (葉・群集などが)まばらな。(会合・劇場などが)入りの少ない、(髪などが)薄い
• (供給・手当などが)乏しい。(年などが)不作の。不景気な
• (気体が)希薄な、(液体が)薄い、水っぽい。(酒が)弱い。(土地が)地味の薄い
• (光・色などが)淡い、弱い。(声・調べなどが)か細い。(写真)コントラストの弱い。(笑いが)弱々しく作った/不気味な
• (言い訳・話の筋などが)浅薄な、実質のない
• (登山)(斜面などが)手がかりの少ない

• adv.

• 薄く。細く
• まばらに

• n.

• 薄い部分

• vt.

• ～を薄く/細くする
• ～をまばらにする。(苗木など)を間引く
• (液体・気体など)を(～で)薄める(with)。～を弱める(down, out)

• vi.

関

dilute、narrow、rare、tenuous

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「rare」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (比較級rarer-最上級rarest)まれな、珍しい、(気体が)希薄な

関

dilute、infrequent、infrequently、rarely、scarce、tenuous、thin、uncommon、uncommonly、unique、unusual

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「attenuate」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 捕捉する。薄める。和らげる、弱める。減ずる。(ウイルスなどを)弱毒化する、原毒する。

• vi.

• 細くなる、薄くなる、弱くなる、少なくなる。

関

(n.)attenuation, (adj.)tenuous 非常に薄い、細い。希薄な

　 　 　

「dilute」

　　[★]

• 希釈する、(濃度が)薄い、希薄な

関

attenuant、dilution、rare、tenuous、thin

　 　

「希薄」

　　[★]

英

thin、dilute、tenuous、rare

関

希釈、まれ、珍しい、薄い、細い