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any small spherical group of cells containing a cavity

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小嚢(しょうのう),卵胞 / (植物の)袋果(たいか)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/05 12:24:02」(JST)

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Follicular atresia is the breakdown of the ovarian follicles, which consist of an oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells and internal and external theca cells. It occurs continually throughout a woman's life, as she is born with millions of follicles but will only ovulate around 400 times in her lifetime.^[1]^[2]

Mechanism

Follicular atresia is inhibited by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes follicle development.^[3] Once the follicle has developed, it secretes estrogen, which in high levels decreases secretions of FSH.^[4] Granulosa cell apoptosis is considered the underlying mechanism of follicular atresia, and has been associated with five ligand-receptor systems involved in cell death:^[5]

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and receptors
Fas ligand and receptors
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL or APO-2) and receptors
APO-3 ligand and receptors
PFG-5 ligand and receptors

Granulosa cell apoptosis is promoted by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), though the mechanism of TNFα is unclear.^[6]^[7]

Fas antigen, a cell surface receptor protein that is expressed on granulosa cells, mediates signals that induce apoptosis by binding Fas ligand and therefore plays an important role in follicular atresia. Lack of a functional Fas ligand / Fas receptor system has been linked to abnormal follicle development, and greater numbers of secondary follicles as a result of the inability to induce apoptosis.^[8]

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand TRAIL activates Caspase 3 (CASP3), which in turn interacts with caspases 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 to induce apoptosis in granulosa cells.^[9]

Related Diseases

Undergoing follicular atresia is necessary in order for women to maintain a healthy reproductive system. The inability to regulate granulosa cell apoptosis and undergo follicular atresia has been linked to the development of some hormone-related cancers and chemo-resistance.^[10]

References

^ [Faddy, M. J. "Follicle dynamics during ovarian ageing." Molecular and cellular endocrinology 163.1 (2000): 43-48.]
^ [Hampson, Elizabeth, and Elizabeth A. Young. "Methodological issues in the study of hormone-behavior relations in humans: Understanding and monitoring the menstrual cycle." Sex differences in the brain. From genes to behavior (2008): 63-78.]
^ [Kaipia, Antti, and Aaron JW Hsueh. "Regulation of ovarian follicle atresia." Annual review of physiology 59.1 (1997): 349-363.]
^ [Marshall, J. C., et al. "Selective inhibition of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion by estradiol. Mechanism for modulation of gonadotropin responses to low dose pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone." Journal of Clinical Investigation 71.2 (1983): 248.]
^ [Manabe, Noboru, et al. "Regulation mechanism of selective atresia in porcine follicles: regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis during atresia." The Journal of reproduction and development 50.5 (2004): 493.]
^ [Sasson, Ravid, et al. "Induction of apoptosis in granulosa cells by TNFα and its attenuation by glucocorticoids involve modulation of Bcl-2." Biochemical and biophysical research communications 294.1 (2002): 51-59.]
^ [Billig, Hakan, I. T. S. U. K. O. Furuta, and A. J. Hsueh. "Estrogens inhibit and androgens enhance ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis." Endocrinology 133.5 (1993): 2204-2212.]
^ [Sakamaki, Kazuhiro, et al. "Involvement of Fas antigen in ovarian follicular atresia and luteolysis." Molecular reproduction and development 47.1 (1997): 11-18.]
^ [Inoue, Naoko, et al. "Roles of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand signaling pathway in granulosa cell apoptosis during atresia in pig ovaries." Journal of Reproduction and Development 49.4 (2003): 313-321.]
^ [Kim, J. H., et al. "Differential apoptotic activities of wild-type FOXL2 and the adult-type granulosa cell tumor-associated mutant FOXL2 (C134W)." Oncogene 30.14 (2010): 1653-1663.]

UpToDate Contents

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1. 原発性早期卵巣障害（早期卵巣機能不全）の病因と原因 pathogenesis and causes of spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency premature ovarian failure
2. 原発性皮膚濾胞中心リンパ腫 primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
3. 濾胞性リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、診断、および予後 clinical manifestations pathologic features diagnosis and prognosis of follicular lymphoma
4. 体外受精（IFV） in vitro fertilization
5. 閉経の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of menopause

English Journal

Disordered follicle development.

Chang RJ, Cook-Andersen H.SourceDivision of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0633, United States. Electronic address: rjchang@ucsd.edu.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2013 Jul 5;373(1-2):51-60. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.07.011. Epub 2012 Jul 31.
Alterations of ovarian follicle morphology and function have been well documented in women with PCOS. These include increased numbers of growing preantral follicles, failure of follicle growth beyond the mid-antral stage, evidence of granulosa call degeneration, and theca cell hyperplasia. Functiona
PMID 22874072

Increased prolidase activity and oxidative stress in PCOS.

Hilali N, Vural M, Camuzcuoglu H, Camuzcuoglu A, Aksoy N.SourceDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Harran, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
Clinical endocrinology.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).2013 Jul;79(1):105-10. doi: 10.1111/cen.12110. Epub 2013 Apr 27.
AIM: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been considered to have a role in various pathological processes, including inflammatory response, cardiovascular disease and recently also in ovarian dysfunction. Since prolidase could be accepted as a matrix metalloproteinase, on the biochemical level, we
PMID 23163753

Japanese Journal

Gene Expression of 11β-HSD and Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Bovine (Bos taurus) Follicle During Follicular Maturation and Atresia: The Role of Follicular Stimulating Hormone

TETSUKA Masafumi,NISHIMOTO Hiromi,MIYAMOTO Akio,OKUDA Kiyoshi,HAMANO Seizo
Journal of Reproduction and Development advpub(0), 1008060293, 2010
… Granulosa cells (GCs) and theca interna layers (TIs) were harvested from follicles classified as small growing, dominant, preovulatory, early atretic and late atretic follicles. … In the atretic follicles, a drastic increase in the expression of 11HSD2 was observed both in GCs and TIs. …
NAID 130000305915