WordNet

not arising from natural growth or characterized by vital processes
artificially formal; "that artificial humility that her husband hated"; "contrived coyness"; "a stilted letter of acknowledgment"; "when people try to correct their speech they develop a stilted pronunciation" (同)contrived, hokey, stilted
contrived by art rather than nature; "artificial flowers"; "artificial flavoring"; "an artificial diamond"; "artificial fibers"; "artificial sweeteners" (同)unreal
of or relating to the urinary system of the body
of or relating to the function or production or secretion of urine
a bag that fills with air
a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas) (同)vesica

PrepTutorEJDIC

『人造の』,『人工の』,人為的な / 模造の / 不自然な,見せかけの
尿の;泌尿(ひにょう)[器]の
(人間・動物の)襄(のう),ぼうこう,(魚の)浮き袋;気胞　嚢に似た物

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/24 21:30:38」(JST)

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The two main methods for replacing bladder function involve either redirecting urine flow or replacing the bladder in situ.^[1] Replacement can be done with an artificial urinary bladder, an artificial organ.

Development

On January 30, 1999, scientists announced that a lab-grown bladder had been successfully transplanted into dogs. These artificial bladders worked well for almost a year in the dogs. In 2000, a new procedure for creating artificial bladders for humans was developed. This procedure is called an orthotopic neobladder procedure. This procedure involves shaping a part (usually 35 to 40 inches) of a patient's small intestine to form a new bladder, however, as explained above, these bladders made of intestinal tissues produced unpleasant side-effects.

In 2006, the first publication of experimental transplantation of bioengineered bladders appeared in The Lancet.^[2] The trial involved seven people with spina bifida between the ages of four and nineteen who had been followed for up to five years after surgery to determine long-term effects.^[2] The bladders were prepared and the trial run by a team of biologists at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine and Boston Children's Hospital led by Professor Anthony Atala.^[2]

Benefits

Bioengineered organs which rely on a patient's own cells, autologous constructs, are not subject to transplant rejection, unlike transplants from human or animal donors.

The current standard for repairing a damaged urinary bladder involves partial or complete replacement using tissue from the small intestine.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b "Treatments & Procedures", Urinary Reconstruction and Diversion, Cleveland Clinic, 2009, retrieved 2013-03-22
^ ^a ^b ^c Atala, Anthony; et al. (April 2006), "Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty", The Lancet (15) 367 (9518): 1241–1246, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68438-9, PMID 16631879, retrieved 2013-03-22, lay summary – The Lancet (2006-04-06) Check date values in: |publication-date= (help)(subscription required)

External links

Doctors Create Re-Engineered Bladders (Voice of America, 5 April 2006)^{[dead link]}
Artificial bladder being developed by James J. Yoo M.D., Ph.D.at the Department of Urology at Harvard Medical School. - non-biological artificial bladder.^{[dead link]}

UpToDate Contents

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1. 脊髄髄膜瘤（二分脊椎）の尿路合併症 urinary tract complications of myelomeningocele spina bifida
2. 男性における尿道狭窄疾患の治療 treatment of urethral stricture disease in men
3. 男性の尿失禁 urinary incontinence in men
4. 女性における腹圧性尿失禁：外科的治療後の症状の持続または再発 stress urinary incontinence in women persistent recurrent symptoms after surgical treatment
5. 膀胱切除術後の尿路変更および尿路再建 urinary diversion and reconstruction following cystectomy

English Journal

Composite ECM-alginate microfibers produced by microfluidics as scaffolds with biomineralization potential.

Angelozzi M1, Miotto M2, Penolazzi L1, Mazzitelli S2, Keane T3, Badylak SF3, Piva R1, Nastruzzi C2.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2015 Nov 1;56:141-53. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.06.004. Epub 2015 Jun 9.
A novel approach to produce artificial bone composites (microfibers) with distinctive features mimicking natural tissue was investigated. Currently proposed inorganic materials (e.g. apatite matrixes) lack self-assembly and thereby limit interactions between cells and the material. The present work
PMID 26249575

Perioperative Complications following Artificial Urinary Sphincter Placement.

Linder BJ1, Piotrowski JT1, Ziegelmann MJ1, Rivera ME1, Rangel LJ1, Elliott DS2.
The Journal of urology.J Urol.2015 Sep;194(3):716-20. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.2945. Epub 2015 Mar 14.
PURPOSE: We evaluated perioperative complications in patients undergoing primary artificial urinary sphincter placement and the potential impact of these complications on device outcomes.MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the 2-year period from 2012 to 2014 we retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 19
PMID 25776908

Surgery for urinary incontinence in women 65 years and older: a systematic review.

Franzen K1, Andersson G, Odeberg J, Midlöv P, Samuelsson E, Stenzelius K, Hammarström M.
International urogynecology journal.Int Urogynecol J.2015 Aug;26(8):1095-102. doi: 10.1007/s00192-014-2573-9. Epub 2014 Dec 5.
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Urinary incontinence (UI) is common among the elderly, but the literature is sparse on the surgical treatment of UI among the elderly. This systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of surgical interventions as treatment for urinary incontinence in the elderly p
PMID 25477140

Japanese Journal

PTHrP is endogenous relaxant for spontaneous smooth muscle contraction in urinary bladder of female rat.

Endocrinology 154(6), 2058-2068, 2013-06
NAID 120005477201

アンサンブル学習型ニューラルネットワークを用いたTUR-BT術後の膀胱癌の再発予測

日本知能情報ファジィ学会ファジィシステムシンポジウム講演論文集 26(0), 146-146, 2010
NAID 130005035389

人工血管による膀胱損傷

泌尿器科紀要 55(1), 35-37, 2009-01
NAID 120001192579

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