WordNet

of, affecting, or being on or near the surface; "superficial measurements"; "the superficial area of the wall"; "a superficial wound"
of little substance or significance; "a few superficial editorial changes"; "only trivial objections" (同)trivial
concerned with or comprehending only what is apparent or obvious; not deep or penetrating emotionally or intellectually; "superficial similarities"; "a superficial mind"; "his thinking was superficial and fuzzy"; "superficial knowledge"; "the superficial report didnt give the true picture"; "only superficial differences"

PrepTutorEJDIC

表面の(にある),表面的な / (考えなどが)浅薄な,皮相的な

UpToDate Contents

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1. 食道の良性病変 benign lesions of the esophagus
2. 手指の解剖学 finger and thumb anatomy
3. 中節骨骨折 middle phalanx fractures
4. 遠位指節間関節の屈筋腱の損傷（ジャージー指） flexor tendon injury of the distal interphalangeal joint jersey finger
5. 手首の解剖学および基本的な生体力学 anatomy and basic biomechanics of the wrist

English Journal

Hypotheses for ongoing evolution of muscles of the upper extremity.

Capdarest-Arest N1, Gonzalez JP1, Türker T2.Author information 1University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Room 4143C, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.2University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Room 4143C, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA. Electronic address: drtolgaturker@gmail.com.AbstractThere are organs and muscles in the human body that may be considered rudimentary in that they have insignificant or undetermined function. Several such muscles are found in the upper extremity. In this review, four muscles that appear to be undergoing evolutionary changes are discussed: flexor digitorum superficialis to the fifth finger, anconeus, palmaris longus, and anconeus epitrochlearis. The present study synthesizes, advances and extends previously described work about these muscles and extends the hypotheses and concludes that: (a) the flexor digitorum superficialis to the fifth finger is currently under adaptive evolution, (b) the anconeus has currently stabilized its evolution and is serving as a transient stability augmenter during a short portion of the human lifespan, and (c) the entire distal upper extremity is currently in the process of undergoing evolutionary change. Understanding of these muscles and their evolutionary context is important for understanding of impact on function, dysfunction, treatment and future research.
Medical hypotheses.Med Hypotheses.2014 Apr;82(4):452-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Jan 30.
There are organs and muscles in the human body that may be considered rudimentary in that they have insignificant or undetermined function. Several such muscles are found in the upper extremity. In this review, four muscles that appear to be undergoing evolutionary changes are discussed: flexor digi
PMID 24529649

The proximal origins of the flexor-pronator muscles and their role in the dynamic stabilization of the elbow joint: an anatomical study.

Otoshi K1, Kikuchi S, Shishido H, Konno S.Author information 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan, kootoshi@fmu.ac.jp.AbstractPURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to anatomically investigate the proximal origin of flexor-pronator muscles (FPMs) and clarify their contribution to dynamic stabilization of the elbow joint during valgus stress.
Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA.Surg Radiol Anat.2014 Apr;36(3):289-94. doi: 10.1007/s00276-013-1168-3. Epub 2013 Jul 25.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to anatomically investigate the proximal origin of flexor-pronator muscles (FPMs) and clarify their contribution to dynamic stabilization of the elbow joint during valgus stress.METHODS: 52 elbows from 26 donated formalin-fixed cadavers were examined. The prona
PMID 23884470

Identification of Esophagitis Dissecans Superficialis by Endoscopy.

Brownschidle SS1, Ganguly EK2, Wilcox RL1.
Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.2014 Mar 4. pii: S1542-3565(14)00348-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.02.030. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 24607699