WordNet

relying on or requiring a person or thing for support, supply, or what is needed; "dependent children"; "dependent on moisture"
addicted to a drug (同)dependant, drug-addicted, hooked, strung-out
contingent on something else (同)dependant, qualified
(of a clause) unable to stand alone syntactically as a complete sentence; "a subordinate (or dependent) clause functions as a noun or adjective or adverb within a sentence" (同)subordinate
relating to cells; "cellular walls"; "cellular physiology"
characterized by or divided into or containing cells or compartments (the smallest organizational or structural unit of an organism or organization); "the cellular construction of a beehive"; "any effective opposition to a totalitarian regime must be secretive and cellular"
any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response
the degree to which something is toxic to living cells

PrepTutorEJDIC

『頼っている』,依存している,従属している / 扶養される人(家族)
抗体,免疫体,抗毒素
細胞の,細胞質の,細胞状の / 小室(小区画)のある / (生地など)目の透いている

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/20 11:53:37」(JST)

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Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a mechanism of cell-mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system actively lyses a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies. It is one of the mechanisms through which antibodies, as part of the humoral immune response, can act to limit and contain infection. Classical ADCC is mediated by natural killer (NK) cells; macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils can also mediate ADCC. For example, eosinophils can kill certain parasitic worms known as helminths through ADCC. ADCC is part of the adaptive immune response due to its dependence on a prior antibody response.

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

ADCC by NK cells[edit]

The typical ADCC involves activation of NK cells by antibodies. An NK cell expresses CD16 which is an Fc receptor. This receptor recognizes, and binds to, the Fc portion of an antibody, such as IgG, which has bound to the surface of a pathogen-infected target cell. The most common Fc receptor on the surface of an NK cell is called CD16 or FcγRIII. Once the Fc receptor binds to the Fc region of IgG, the Natural Killer cell releases cytokines such as IFN-γ

ADCC by eosinophils[edit]

Large parasites like helminths are too big to be engulfed and killed by phagocytosis. They also have an external structure or integument that is resistant to attack by substances released by neutrophils and macrophages. After IgE coat these parasites, the Fc receptor (FceRI) of an eosinophil will then recognize IgE. Subsequently, interaction between FceRI and the Fc portion of helminth-bound IgE signals the eosinophil to degranulate.

ADCC in vitro[edit]

Several laboratory methods exist for determining the efficacy of antibodies or effector cells in eliciting ADCC. Among these methods include chromium-51 [Cr⁵¹] release assay, europium [Eu] release assay, and sulfur-35 [S³⁵] release assay. Usually, a labelled target cell line expressing a certain surface-exposed antigen is incubated with antibody specific for that antigen. After washing, effector cells expressing Fc receptor CD16 are co-incubated with the antibody-labelled target cells. Target cell lysis is subsequently measured by release of intracellular label by a scintillation counter or spectrophotometry.

A common challenge faced by ADCC assays is high background signaling due to cellular "leakiness". While both Cr⁵¹ and Eu-based assays face this challenge, S³⁵-containing methionine and cysteine pre-incubated with target cells leads to incorporation of radio-labelled molecules into newly translated peptides.

The coupled bioluminescent method aCella TOX^TM is now in widespread use for ADCC and other cytotoxicity assessments. Since this technique measures the release of enzymes naturally present in the target cells, no labeling step is required and no radioactive agents are used.

Monoclonal antibody action against tumors[edit]

Experiments in mice indicate that ADCC is an important mechanism of action of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, including trastuzumab and rituximab, against tumors.^[1] In the clinic the FcgRIII 158V/F polymorphism interfere with the ability to generate ADCC responses in vitro during trastuzumab treatment.

References[edit]

^ Clynes, RA; Towers, TL; Presta, LG; Ravetch, JV (2000). "Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytoxicity against tumor targets". Nat Med 6 (4): 443–6. doi:10.1038/74704. PMID 10742152.

External links[edit]

University of Leicester, Virus Immunopathology Notes
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Neutralizing Antibody Response and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in HIV-1-Infected Individuals from Guinea-Bissau and Denmark.

Borggren M1, Jensen SS1, Heyndrickx L2, Palm AA3, Gerstoft J4, Kronborg G5, Hønge BL6,7,8, Jespersen S6, da Silva ZJ9, Karlsson I1, Fomsgaard A1,10.
AIDS research and human retroviruses.AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses.2016 Jan 7. [Epub ahead of print]
The development of therapeutic and prophylactic HIV vaccines for African countries is urgently needed, but the question of what immunogens to use needs to be answered. One approach is to include HIV envelope immunogens derived from HIV-positive individuals from a geographically concentrated epidemic
PMID 26621287

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity toward neuroblastoma enhanced by activated invariant NKT cells.

Mise N1,2, Takami M1, Suzuki A1, Kamata T1, Harada K1,2, Hishiki T2, Saito T2, Terui K2, Mitsunaga T2, Nakata M2, Ikeuchi T3, Nakayama T4, Yoshida H2, Motohashi S1.
Cancer science.Cancer Sci.2016 Jan 7. doi: 10.1111/cas.12882. [Epub ahead of print]
Anti-ganglioside GD2 antibodies mainly work through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and have demonstrated clinical benefit for children with neuroblastoma. However, high-risk neuroblastoma still has a high recurrence rate. To further improvement in the outcomes, ways to maximize the
PMID 26749374

A comparison of anti-HER2 IgA and IgG1 in vivo efficacy is facilitated by high N-glycan sialylation of the IgA.

Rouwendal GJ1, van der Lee MM1, Meyer S2, Reiding KR3, Schouten J1, de Roo G1, Egging DF1, Leusen JH2, Boross P2, Wuhrer M3,4, Verheijden GF1, Dokter WH1, Timmers M1, Ubink R1.
mAbs.MAbs.2016 Jan 2;8(1):74-86. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1102812. Epub 2015 Oct 6.
Monomeric IgA has been proposed as an alternative antibody format for cancer therapy. Here, we present our studies on the production, purification and functional evaluation of anti-HER2 IgA antibodies as anti-cancer agents in comparison to the anti-HER2 IgG1 trastuzumab. MALDI-TOF MS analysis showed
PMID 26440530