anesthetic gas

• 麻酔ガス

関

inhalation anesthetic

WordNet

1. attack with gas; subject to gas fumes; "The despot gassed the rebellious tribes"
2. the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container (同)gaseous state
3. a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely
4. a drug that causes temporary loss of bodily sensations (同)anaesthetic, anesthetic_agent, anaesthetic agent
5. characterized by insensibility; "the young girls are in a state of possession--blind and deaf and anesthetic"; "an anesthetic state" (同)anaesthetic
6. a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉〈C〉『気体』,『ガス』 / 〈U〉(灯用・燃料用)ガス / 〈U〉《米話》=gasoline / 〈U〉(麻酔用の)亜酸化窒素,笑気(laughing gas);毒ガス(mustard gas, tear gasなど) / 〈U〉《話》むだ話,ばか話 / 〈C〉《単数形で》とても楽しいこと / 〈敵など〉‘を'毒ガスで攻撃する / 《米話》〈車〉‘に'ガソリンを入れる《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 長々とむだ話をする

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/11 03:46:35」(JST)

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Bottles of sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, and desflurane, the common fluorinated ether anaesthetics used in clinical practice. These agents are colour-coded for safety purposes. Note the special fitting for desflurane, which boils at room temperature.

An inhalational anaesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anaesthetic properties that can be delivered via inhalation. They are administered by anaesthetists (a term which includes anaesthesiologists, nurse anaesthetists, and anaesthesiologist assistants) through an anaesthesia mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to an anaesthetic vaporiser and an anaesthetic delivery system. Agents of significant contemporary clinical interest include volatile anaesthetic agents such as isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, as well as certain anaesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide and xenon.

List of inhalational anaesthetic agents

Currently-used agents

• Desflurane
• Isoflurane
• Nitrous oxide
• Sevoflurane
• Xenon

Previously-used agents

Although some of these are still used in clinical practice and in research, the following anaesthetic agents are primarily of historical interest in developed countries:

• Chloroethane (ethyl chloride)
• Chloroform
• Cryofluorane
• Cyclopropane
• Diethyl ether
• Enflurane
• Ethylene
• Fluroxene
• Halothane (still widely used in the developing world and is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines)
• Methoxyflurane (still used currently as an analgesic)
• Methoxypropane
• Trichloroethylene
• Vinyl ether

Never-marketed agents

• Aliflurane
• Halopropane
• Norflurane
• Roflurane
• Synthane
• Teflurane

Volatile anaesthetics

Volatile anaesthetic agents share the property of being liquid at room temperature, but evaporating easily for administration by inhalation. All of these agents share the property of being quite hydrophobic (i.e., as liquids, they are not freely miscible with water, and as gases they dissolve in oils better than in water). The ideal volatile anaesthetic agent offers smooth and reliable induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia with minimal effects on other organ systems. In addition it is odourless or pleasant to inhale; safe for all ages and in pregnancy; not metabolised; rapid in onset and offset; potent; and safe for exposure to operating room staff. It is also cheap to manufacture; easy to transport and store, with a long shelf life; easy to administer and monitor with existing equipment; stable to light, plastics, metals, rubber and soda lime; non-flammable and environmentally safe. None of the agents currently in use are ideal, although many have some of the desirable characteristics. For example, sevoflurane is pleasant to inhale and is rapid in onset and offset. It is also safe for all ages. However, it is expensive (approximately 3 to 5 times more expensive than isoflurane), and approximately half as potent as isoflurane.

Gases

Other gases or vapors which produce general anaesthesia by inhalation include nitrous oxide, cyclopropane and xenon. These are stored in gas cylinders and administered using flowmeters, rather than vaporisers. Cyclopropane is explosive and is no longer used for safety reasons, although otherwise it was found to be an excellent anaesthetic. Xenon is odourless and rapid in onset, but is expensive and requires specialized equipment to administer and monitor. Nitrous oxide, even at 80% concentration, does not quite produce surgical level anaesthesia in most persons at standard atmospheric pressure, so it must be used as an adjunct anaesthetic, along with other agents.

Hyperbaric anaesthesia

Under hyperbaric conditions (pressures above normal atmospheric pressure), other gases such as nitrogen, and noble gases such as argon, krypton, and xenon become anaesthetics. When inhaled at high partial pressures (more than about 4 bar, encountered at depths below about 30 metres in scuba diving), nitrogen begins to act as an anaesthetic agent, causing nitrogen narcosis. However, the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for nitrogen is not achieved until pressures of about 20 to 30 atm (bar) are attained. Argon is slightly more than twice as anaesthetic as nitrogen per unit of partial pressure (see argox). Xenon however is a usable anaesthetic at 80% concentration and normal atmospheric pressure.

Neurological theories of action

Main article: Theories of general anaesthetic action

The full mechanism of action of volatile anaesthetic agents is unknown and has been the subject of intense debate. "Anesthetics have been used for 160 years, and how they work is one of the great mysteries of neuroscience," says anaesthesiologist James Sonner of the University of California, San Francisco. Anaesthesia research "has been for a long time a science of untestable hypotheses," notes Neil L. Harrison of Cornell University.

"Most of the injectable anesthetics appear to act on a single molecular target," says Sonner. "It looks like inhaled anesthetics act on multiple molecular targets. That makes it a more difficult problem to pick apart."

The possibility of anaesthesia by the inert gas argon in particular (even at 10 to 15 bar) suggests that the mechanism of action of volatile anaesthetics is an effect best described by physical chemistry, and not a chemical bonding action. However, the agent may bind to a receptor with a weak interaction . A physical interaction such as swelling of nerve cell membranes from gas solution in the lipid bilayer may be operative. Notably, the gases hydrogen, helium, and neon have not been found to have anaesthetic properties at any pressure. Helium at high pressures produces nervous irritation ("anti-anaesthesia"), suggesting that the anaesthetic mechanism(s) may be operated in reverse by this gas (i.e., nerve membrane compression). Also, some halogenated ethers (such as flurothyl) also possess this "anti-anaesthetic" effect, providing further evidence for this theory.

History

The concept was first used by Paracelsus in 1540. He used sweet oil of vitriol (prepared by Valerius Cordus and named Aether by Frobenius): used to feed fowl: “it was taken even by chickens and they fall asleep from it for a while but awaken later without harm”. Subsequently, about 40 years later, in 1581, Giambattista Delia Porta demonstrated the use of ether on humans although it was not employed for any type of surgical anesthesia.

See also

• A.C.E. mixture - a mixture of ethanol, chloroform and diethyl ether
• Anaesthetic
• Concentration effect
• Second gas effect

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 局所麻酔剤の浸潤 infiltration of local anesthetics
• 2. 麻酔および麻酔剤選択の概要 overview of anesthesia and anesthetic choices
• 3. 小児における局所麻酔剤 topical anesthetics in children
• 4. 局所麻酔剤に対するアレルギー反応 allergic reactions to local anesthetics
• 5. 全身麻酔の導入 induction of general anesthesia

English Journal

• Accuracy of calculated volatile agent consumption from fresh gas content.

• Biro P1, Kneschke O, Theusinger OM.
• Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.2015 May;59(5):619-24. doi: 10.1111/aas.12487. Epub 2015 Feb 27.
• BACKGROUND: Case-by-case assessment of volatile anesthetic (VA) consumption is necessary to perform agent sparing dosing measures and for billing purposes. The gold standard technique for this purpose is to measure the weight difference of the vaporizer that occurs during VA delivery. Because suitab
• PMID 25882167

• Bilateral paravertebral blockade (t7-10) versus incisional local anesthetic administration for pediatric laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized clinical study.

• Visoiu M1, Cassara A, Yang CI.
• Anesthesia and analgesia.Anesth Analg.2015 May;120(5):1106-13. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000545.
• BACKGROUND: Single-injection paravertebral nerve blocks (PVBs) provide effective postoperative analgesia after adult laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). We sought to compare PVBs with local anesthetic injections at laparoscopic port sites in a pediatric population.METHODS: Eighty-three patients (8-17
• PMID 25427288

• Anesthetic management of a patient with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome undergoing video-assisted bullectomy.

• Ideno S1, Hatori E2, Takeda J1, Morisaki H1.
• Journal of clinical anesthesia.J Clin Anesth.2015 May;27(3):243-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2014.10.004. Epub 2014 Dec 27.
• The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare set of disorders characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding diathesis, and pulmonary fibrosis, with the latter 2 conditions presenting major challenges in anesthetic management. We report a 53-year-old woman with pulmonary fibrosis secondary to H
• PMID 25547825

Japanese Journal

• PCPSを用いた気管ステント留置術の麻酔経験

• 日本臨床麻酔学会誌 37(1), 25-28, 2017
• NAID 130005345134

• 全身麻酔下での智歯抜歯時に使用した塩酸プロピトカインにより発症したメトヘモグロビン血症の1例

• 日本口腔診断学会雑誌 29(2), 104-108, 2016
• NAID 130005421125

• 北米での臨床研究の現状報告─SmartTots Workshop 2014に参加して─

• 日本臨床麻酔学会誌 36(2), 181-185, 2016
• NAID 130005147288

Related Links

• Anesthesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

But 112 more years would pass before ether's anesthetic powers were fully appreciated. Meanwhile, in 1772, English scientist Joseph Priestley discovered the gas nitrous oxide. Initially, people ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「inhalation anesthetic」「麻酔ガス」
関連記事	「anesthetic」「GAS」「gas」「g」

「inhalation anesthetic」

　　[★]

• 吸入麻酔薬

関

anesthetic gas、gaseous anesthetic、inhalational anesthetic、volatile anesthetic

「麻酔ガス」

　　[★]

英

anesthetic gas

関

吸入麻酔薬

「anesthetic」

　　[★]

• ae`nэsθe'tik
• adj.

• 麻酔による

• n.

• 麻酔薬

• ex.

• anesthetic agent

関

anaesthetic、anaesthetics、anesthetic agent、anesthetic drug、anesthetics

　 　

「GAS」

　　[★] Streptococcus pyogenes。A群レンサ球菌 Group A streptococcus

「gas」

　　[★]

• ガス、気体

関

air

　 　 　 　

「g」

　　[★] グラム

関

gram