硫酸アンモニウム、硫安

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convert into a sulfate
a salt or ester of sulphuric acid (同)sulphate
the ion NH4 derived from ammonia; behaves in many respects like an alkali metal ion (同)ammonium_ion

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アンモニウム,アンモニア塩基

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/01 15:39:25」(JST)

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Ammonium sulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; also ammonium sulphate in British English), (NH₄)₂SO₄, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfur.

Uses

The primary use of ammonium sulfate is as a fertilizer for alkaline soils. In the soil the ammonium ion is released and forms a small amount of acid, lowering the pH balance of the soil, while contributing essential nitrogen for plant growth. The main disadvantage to the use of ammonium sulfate is its low nitrogen content relative to ammonium nitrate, which elevates transportation costs.^[2]

It is also used as an agricultural spray adjuvant for water soluble insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. There, it functions to bind iron and calcium cations that are present in both well water and plant cells. It is particularly effective as an adjuvant for 2,4-D (amine), glyphosate, and glufosinate herbicides.

Laboratory use

In biochemistry, ammonium sulfate precipitation is a common method for purifying proteins by selective precipitation; Ammonium sulfate is extremely soluble in water and so can make very concentrated solutions, which can "salt out" proteins, causing their precipitation at particular concentrations. This provides a convenient and simple means to fractionate complex protein mixtures.^[3] As such, ammonium sulfate is also listed as an ingredient for many United States vaccines per the Center for Disease Control.^[4]

In the analysis of rubber lattices, volatile fatty acids are analysed by precipitating rubber with a 35% ammonium sulfate solution, which leaves a clear liquid from which volatile fatty acids are regenerated with sulfuric acid and then distilled with steam. Selective precipitation with ammonium sulfate, opposite to the usual precipitation technique which uses acetic acid, does not interfere with the determination of volatile fatty acids.^[5]

Food additive

As a food additive, ammonium sulfate is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration,^[6] and in the European Union it is designated by the E number E517. It is used as an acidity regulator in flours and breads.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Other uses

Ammonium sulfate is used on a small scale in the preparation of other ammonium salts, especially ammonium persulfate.

A saturated solution of ammonium sulfate in heavy water (²H₂O) is used as an external standard in sulfur (³³S) NMR spectroscopy with shift value of 0 ppm.

Ammonium sulfate has also been used in flame retardant compositions acting much like diammonium phosphate. As a flame retardant, it lowers the combustion temperature of the material, decreases maximum weight loss rates, and causes an increase in the production of residue or char.^[10] Its flame retardant efficacy can be enhanced by blending it with ammonium sulfamate.^{[citation needed]}

Ammonium sulfate has been used as a wood preservative, but due to its hygroscopic nature, this use has been largely discontinued because of associated problems with metal fastener corrosion, dimensional instability, and finish failures.

Preparation

Ammonium sulfate is made by treating ammonia, often as a by-product from coke-ovens, with sulfuric acid:

2 NH₃ + H₂SO₄ → (NH₄)₂SO₄

A mixture of ammonia gas and water vapor is introduced into a reactor that contains a saturated solution of ammonium sulfate and about 2 to 4% of free sulfuric acid at 60 °C. Concentrated sulfuric acid is added to keep the solution acidic, and to retain its level of free acid. The heat of reaction keeps reactor temperature at 60 °C. Dry, powdered ammonium sulfate may be formed by spraying sulfuric acid into a reaction chamber filled with ammonia gas. The heat of reaction evaporates all water present in the system, forming a powdery salt. Approximately 6000M tons were produced in 1981.^[2]

Ammonium sulfate also is manufactured from gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O). Finely divided gypsum is added to an ammonium carbonate solution. Calcium carbonate precipitates as a solid, leaving ammonium sulfate in the solution.

(NH₄)₂CO₃ + CaSO₄ → (NH₄)₂SO₄ + CaCO₃

Ammonium sulfate occurs naturally as the rare mineral mascagnite in volcanic fumaroles and due to coal fires on some dumps.^[11]

Properties

Ammonium sulfate becomes ferroelectric at temperatures below -49.5 °C. At room temperature it crystallises in the orthorhombic system, with cell sizes of a = 7.729 Å, b = 10.560 Å, c = 5.951 Å. When chilled into the ferrorelectric state, the symmetry of the crystal changes to space group Pna2₁.^[12]

Reactions

Ammonium sulfate decomposes upon heating above 250 °C, first forming ammonium bisulfate. Heating at higher temperatures results in decomposition into ammonia, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and water.^[13]

As a salt of a strong acid (H₂SO₄) and weak base (NH₃), its solution is acidic; pH of 0.1 M solution is 5.5. In aqueous solution the reactions are those of NH₄⁺ and SO₄⁻² ions. For example, addition of barium chloride, precipitates out barium sulfate. The filtrate on evaporation yields ammonium chloride.

Ammonium sulfate forms many double salts (ammonium metal sulfates) when its solution is mixed with equimolar solutions of metal sulfates and the solution is slowly evaporated. With trivalent metal ions, alums such as ferric ammonium sulfate are formed. Double metal sulfates include ammonium cobaltous sulfate, ferrous diammonium sulfate, ammonium nickel sulfate which are known as Tutton's salts and ammonium ceric sulfate.^[2] Anhydrous double sulfates of ammonium also occur in the Langbeinites family.

Legislation and Control

In November 2009, a ban on ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizers was imposed in the former Malakand Division—comprising the Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Swat, Chitral and Malakand districts of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan, by the NWFP government, following reports that they were used by militants to make explosives. In January 2010, these substances were also banned in Afghanistan for the same reason.^[14]

References

^ Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c Karl-Heinz Zapp "Ammonium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_243
^ Protocol "Ammonium Sulfate Calculator". EnCor Biotechnology Inc. 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ "Vaccine Excipient & Media Summary". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). February 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ ASTM Standard Specification for Rubber Concentrates D 1076-06
^ "Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Ammonium sulfate". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. August 16, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ "Panera Bread › Menu & Nutrition › Nutrition Information Profile". Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ "Official Subway Restaurants U.S. Products Ingredients Guide". Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ Sarah Klein (May 14, 2012). "Gross Ingredients In Processed Foods". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ George, C. W.; Susott, R. A. (April 1971). "Effects of Ammonium Phosphate and Sulfate on the Pyrolysis and Combustion of Cellulose". Research Paper INT-90 (Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: USDA Forest Service).
^ "Mascagnite". Mindat. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ Okaya, Y.; K. Vedam; R. Pepinsky (1958). "Non-isomorphism of ferroelectric phases of ammonium sulfate and ammonium fluoberyllate". Acta Crystallographica 11 (4): 307–307. doi:10.1107/s0365110x58000803. ISSN 0365-110X.
^ Liu Ke-wei, Chen Tian-lang (2002). "Studies on the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulfate". Chemical Research and Application (in Chinese) 14 (6). doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1656.2002.06.038.
^ "PAKISTAN: ‘Anti-terrorist’ fertilizer ban hinders farmers". IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis. 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2013.

External links

Pesticide Properties Database (PPDB) record for Ammonium sulfate
Calculators: surface tensions, and densities, molarities and molalities of aqueous ammonium sulphate

v t e Salts and the ester of the Sulfate ion
H₂SO₄																	He
Li₂SO₄	BeSO₄											B	(RO)₂SO₃	(NH₄)₂SO₄ N₂H₆SO₄ (NH₃OH)₂SO₄	O	F	Ne
Na₂SO₄ NaHSO₄	MgSO₄											Al₂(SO₄)₃	Si	P	SO₄^2-	Cl	Ar
K₂SO₄ KHSO₄	CaSO₄	Sc₂(SO₄)₃	Ti(SO₄)₂	V₂(SO₄)₃ VOSO₄	CrSO₄ Cr₂(SO₄)₃	MnSO₄	FeSO₄ Fe₂(SO₄)₃	CoSO₄, Co₂(SO₄)₃	NiSO₄	CuSO₄	ZnSO₄	Ga₂(SO₄)₃	Ge	As	Se	Br	Kr
Rb₂SO₄	SrSO₄	Y	Zr(SO₄)₂	Nb	Mo	Tc	Ru	Rh	PdSO₄	Ag₂SO₄	CdSO₄	In₂(SO₄)₃	SnSO₄	Sb₂(SO₄)₃	Te	I	Xe
Cs₂SO₄	BaSO₄		Hf	Ta	W	Re	Os	Ir	Pt	Au	Hg₂SO₄, HgSO₄	Tl₂SO₄	PbSO₄	Bi₂(SO₄)₃	Po	At	Rn
Fr	Ra		Rf	Db	Sg	Bh	Hs	Mt	Ds	Rg	Cn	Uut	Fl	Uup	Lv	Uus	Uuo
		↓
		La	Ce₂(SO₄)₃ Ce(SO₄)₂	Pr₂(SO₄)₃	Nd	Pm	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb₂(SO₄)₃	Lu
		Ac	Th	Pa	U(SO₄)₂ UO₂SO₄	Np	Pu	Am	Cm	Bk	Cf	Es	Fm	Md	No	Lr

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COLD-ADAPTED INORGANIC PYROPHOSPHATASE FROM PSYCHROPHILIC Shewanella sp. AS-11.

Ginting EL, Iwasaki S, Maeganeku C, Motoshima H, Watanabe K.Author information a Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science , Saga University , Saga , Japan.AbstractIn the presence of divalent cations, inorganic pyrophosphatase is activated to hydrolyze inorganic pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate. Here, we clone, express, purify, and characterize inorganic pyrophosphatase from the psychrophilic Shewanella sp. AS-11 (Sh-PPase). The recombinant Sh-PPase was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) at 20°C using pET16b as an expression vector and purified from the cell extracts by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation and anion-exchange chromatography. Sh-PPase was found to be a family II PPase with a subunit molecular mass of 34 kD that preferentially utilizes Mn(2+) over Mg(2+) ions for activity. The functional characteristics of Sh-PPase, such as activity, temperature dependency, and thermal inactivation, were greatly influenced by manganese ions. Manganese ion activation increased the enzyme's activity at low temperatures; therefore, it was required to gain the cold-adapted characteristics of Sh-PPase.
Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology.Prep Biochem Biotechnol.2014 Jul 4;44(5):480-92. doi: 10.1080/10826068.2013.833114.
In the presence of divalent cations, inorganic pyrophosphatase is activated to hydrolyze inorganic pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate. Here, we clone, express, purify, and characterize inorganic pyrophosphatase from the psychrophilic Shewanella sp. AS-11 (Sh-PPase). The recombinant Sh-PPase was ex
PMID 24397719

Characterization of the bacteriocin BacJ1 and its effectiveness for the inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium during turkey escalope storage.

Chakchouk-Mtibaa A1, Elleuch L1, Smaoui S1, Najah S1, Sellem I1, Mejdoub H2, Abdelkafi S3, Mellouli L4.Author information 1Laboratoire de Microorganismes et de Biomolécules du Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P. 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.2USCR "Séquenceur de proteins" Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Route de Sokra Km 4, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.3Département de Génie Biologique de l'Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route de Sokra Km 3,5, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.4Laboratoire de Microorganismes et de Biomolécules du Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P. 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia. Electronic address: lotfi.mallouli@cbs.rnrt.tn.AbstractDuring a screening programme for bacteriocin producers, a new lactic acid bacterium called J1, isolated from chicken gizzard, was noted to produce a bacteriocin (BacJ1) that inhibited Gram-positive and Gram-negative food-borne pathogens, especially Salmonella typhimurium, and it was, therefore, selected for identification and further study. The results, from 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequencing (1583 pb accession no HE861352) and phylogenetic analysis, suggested that the new isolate be assigned as Weissella paramesenteroides J1. BacJ1 was purified from the culture supernatant of the J1 strain using heat treatment (15min at 90°C), 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation, and gel filtration (Sephadex G25). MALDI-TOF analyses revealed that BacJ1 had an exact molecular mass of 1881.036Da. The analysis of the N-terminal sequence (GPAGPFGKLY) of this active peptide revealed no significant similarity to currently available antimicrobial peptides. The addition of pre-purified BacJ1, at a final concentration of 400 AU per gramme, may open new promising opportunities for the prevention of contamination from and growth of pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. typhimurium, during turkey escalope storage at 4°C.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 1;152:566-72. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.002. Epub 2013 Dec 8.
During a screening programme for bacteriocin producers, a new lactic acid bacterium called J1, isolated from chicken gizzard, was noted to produce a bacteriocin (BacJ1) that inhibited Gram-positive and Gram-negative food-borne pathogens, especially Salmonella typhimurium, and it was, therefore, sele
PMID 24444976

A Rhizobium selenitireducens Protein Showing Selenite Reductase Activity.

Hunter WJ.Author information United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 2150-D Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80526-8119, USA, william.hunter@ars.usda.gov.AbstractBiobarriers remove, via precipitation, the metalloid selenite (SeO 3 (-2) ) from groundwater; a process that involves the biological reduction of soluble SeO 3 (-2) to insoluble elemental red selenium (Se(0)). The enzymes associated with this reduction process are poorly understood. In Rhizobium selenitireducens at least two enzymes are potentially involved; one, a nitrite reductase reduces SeO 3 (-2) to Se(0) but another protein may also be involved which is investigated in this study. Proteins from R. selenitireducens cells were precipitated with ammonium sulfate and run on native electrophoresis gels. When these gels were incubated with NADH and SeO 3 (-2) a band of precipitated Se(0) developed signifying the presence of a SeO 3 (-2) reducing protein. Bands were cut from the gel and analyzed for peptides via LCMSMS. The amino acid sequences associated with the bands indicated the presence of an NADH:flavin oxidoreductase that resembles YP_001326930 from Sinorhizobium medicae. The protein is part of a protein family termed old-yellow-enzymes (OYE) that contain a flavin binding domain. OYE enzymes are often involved in protecting cells from oxidative stress and, due in part to an active site that has a highly accessible binding pocket, are generally active on a wide range of substrates. This report is the first of an OYE enzyme being involved in SeO 3 (-2) reduction.
Current microbiology.Curr Microbiol.2014 Mar;68(3):311-6. doi: 10.1007/s00284-013-0474-7. Epub 2013 Oct 25.
Biobarriers remove, via precipitation, the metalloid selenite (SeO 3 (-2) ) from groundwater; a process that involves the biological reduction of soluble SeO 3 (-2) to insoluble elemental red selenium (Se(0)). The enzymes associated with this reduction process are poorly understood. In Rhizobium sel
PMID 24474405

Japanese Journal

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森林立地 57(1), 19-31, 2015-06-25
NAID 110009969217

Effects of high magnetic fields on thermal convection of conductive aqueous solution

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(7), 077301, 2015-06-12
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Effects of SO[2] on selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH[3] over a TiO[2] photocatalyst

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 16(2), 2015-03-10
NAID 120005623234

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「硫酸アンモニウム」「硫安」
関連記事	「sulfate」「ammonium」「sulfated」「sulfa」

「硫酸アンモニウム」

Ammonium sulfate
	IUPAC name Diazanium sulfate
	Other names ammonium sulfate; ammonium sulfate (2:1); diammonium sulfate; sulfuric acid diammonium salt; mascagnite; Actamaster; Dolamin
Identifiers
CAS number	7783-20-2
ChemSpider	22944
UNII	SU46BAM238
KEGG	D08853
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES O=S(=O)(O)O.N.N ;
	InChI InChI=1S/2H3N.H2O4S/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h21H3;(H2,1,2,3,4) ; Key: BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChI=1/2H3N.H2O4S/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h21H3;(H2,1,2,3,4); Key: BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYAI ;
Properties
Molecular formula	(NH4)2SO4
Molar mass	132.14 g/mol
Appearance	Fine white hygroscopic granules or crystals.
Density	1.769 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point	235 to 280 °C (455 to 536 °F; 508 to 553 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	70.6 g/100 mL (0 °C); ; 74.4 g/100 mL (20 °C); 103.8 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility	insoluble in acetone, alcohol and ether
Critical relative humidity	79.2% (30 °C)
Hazards
EU Index	Not listed
NFPA 704	1 2 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
LD50	2840 mg/kg, rat (oral)
Related compounds
Other anions	Ammonium thiosulfate; Ammonium sulfite; Ammonium bisulfate; Ammonium persulfate
Other cations	Sodium sulfate; Potassium sulfate
Related compounds	Ammonium iron(II) sulfate
	Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
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	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: [[]]
同: ammonium sulfate
関: [[]]

同: ammonium sulfate

「硫安」

　　[★]

英: ammonium sulfate
関: 硫酸アンモニウム

「sulfate」

　　[★]

n.

(官能基やイオンを表して)硫酸、(化合物)硫酸塩、硫酸エステル、硫酸化する

関: H2SO4、inorganic sulfate、sulfate ester、sulfated、sulfation、sulfuric acid、sulfuric acid ester、sulphate、sulphuric acid

「ammonium」

　　[★]

アンモニウム

関: ammonium compound、NH4+、quaternary ammonium compound

同: NH4+

「sulfated」

　　[★]

adj.

硫酸化の

関: sulfate、sulfation、sulphate

「sulfa」

　　[★]

スルファ、サルファ

[1] Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.

[Ullmann-2] Karl-Heinz Zapp "Ammonium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_243

[3] Protocol "Ammonium Sulfate Calculator". EnCor Biotechnology Inc. 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.

[4] "Vaccine Excipient & Media Summary". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). February 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2013.

[5] ASTM Standard Specification for Rubber Concentrates D 1076-06

[6] "Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Ammonium sulfate". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. August 16, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2013.

[7] "Panera Bread › Menu & Nutrition › Nutrition Information Profile". Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2013.

[8] "Official Subway Restaurants U.S. Products Ingredients Guide". Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2013.

[9] Sarah Klein (May 14, 2012). "Gross Ingredients In Processed Foods". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2013.

[10] George, C. W.; Susott, R. A. (April 1971). "Effects of Ammonium Phosphate and Sulfate on the Pyrolysis and Combustion of Cellulose". Research Paper INT-90 (Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: USDA Forest Service).

[11] "Mascagnite". Mindat. Retrieved March 2, 2013.

[Okaya1958-12] Okaya, Y.; K. Vedam; R. Pepinsky (1958). "Non-isomorphism of ferroelectric phases of ammonium sulfate and ammonium fluoberyllate". Acta Crystallographica 11 (4): 307–307. doi:10.1107/s0365110x58000803. ISSN 0365-110X.

[13] Liu Ke-wei, Chen Tian-lang (2002). "Studies on the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulfate". Chemical Research and Application (in Chinese) 14 (6). doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1656.2002.06.038.

[14] "PAKISTAN: ‘Anti-terrorist’ fertilizer ban hinders farmers". IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis. 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2013.

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ammonium sulfate