WordNet
- small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
- a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
- a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
- (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
- any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
- a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
- first in order of importance; "the alpha male in the group of chimpanzees"; "the alpha star in a constellation is the brightest or main star"
- the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
- the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations
- early testing stage of a software or hardware product; "alpha version"
- any high mountain
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
- アルファ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第1字A,α;英語のA,aに相当) / アルファ星(星座の主星)
- 高山,高峰
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/10/28 21:08:10」(JST)
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Alpha cell |
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans).
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Identifiers |
Code |
TH H3.04.02.0.00025 |
Anatomical terminology |
Alpha cells (more commonly alpha-cells or α-cells) are endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. They make up to 20% of the human islet cells synthesizing and secreting the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood.[1]
Contents
- 1 Functions
- 2 See also
- 3 External links
- 4 References
Functions
To elevate glucose levels, glucagon binds to receptors on hepatocytes (liver cells) and some other cells (e.g. kidney cells). This activates an enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase, inside the hepatocyte to hydrolyse glycogen to glucose. This process is called glycogenolysis. In rodents, alpha cells are located in the periphery of the islets, however in humans the islet architecture is generally less organized and alpha cells are frequently observed inside the islets as well. When being viewed by an electron microscope, alpha cells can be identified by their characteristic granules with a large dense core and a small white halo.
See also
External links
- Pancreatic alpha cells at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
References
- ^ Kerr, J B (2000). Atlas of functional histology. Uk: Mosby. p. 309. ISBN 0-7234-3072-1.
Anatomy of the endocrine system
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Pituitary gland |
Anterior |
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
- Pars distalis
- Acidophil cell
- Somatotropic cell
- Prolactin cell
- Basophil cell
- Corticotropic cell
- Gonadotropic cell
- Thyrotropic cell
- Chromophobe cell
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Posterior |
- Pars nervosa
- Median eminence
- Stalk
- Pituicyte
- Herring bodies
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Thyroid gland |
- Thyroid isthmus
- Follicular cell
- Parafollicular cell
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Parathyroid gland |
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Adrenal gland |
Cortex |
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
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Medulla |
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Gonads |
- Testicle
- Ovary
- Theca interna
- Granulosa cell
- Corpus luteum
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Islets of pancreas |
- Alpha cell
- Beta cell
- PP cell
- Delta cell
- Epsilon cell
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Pineal gland |
- Pinealocyte
- Corpora arenacea
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Other |
- Enteroendocrine cell
- Paraganglia
- Placenta
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Index of hormones
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Description |
- Glands
- Hormones
- thyroid
- mineralocorticoids
- Physiology
- Development
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Disease |
- Diabetes
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- calcium balance
- corticosteroids
- oral hypoglycemics
- pituitary and hypothalamic
- thyroid
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Cells in humans derived from endoderm
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Foregut |
Respiratory |
- Pneumocyte
- Club cell
- Goblet cell
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Digestive |
Stomach |
- Enteroendocrine cell
- G cell
- Delta cell
- Enterochromaffin-like cell
- Gastric chief cell
- Parietal cell
- Foveolar cell
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Intestine |
- Enteroendocrine cell
- Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
- S cell
- Delta cell
- Cholecystokinin
- Goblet cell
- Paneth cell
- Enterocyte
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Liver |
- Hepatocyte
- Hepatic stellate cell
- (Kupffer cell from mesoderm)
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Gallbladder |
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Exocrine pancreas |
- Centroacinar cell
- Pancreatic stellate cell
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Islets of Langerhans |
- alpha cell
- beta cell
- delta cell
- F cell(PP cell
- epsilon cell
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Pharyngeal pouch |
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Parathyroid chief cell
- Oxyphil cell
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Hindgut/cloaca |
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Index of developmental medicine
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Description |
- Embryology
- Cell lines
- Stem cells
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
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Disease |
- Due to toxins
- Syndromes
- Chromosomal
- Neonate
- Twins
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- A potential food biopreservative, CecXJ-37N, non-covalently intercalates into the nucleotides of bacterial genomic DNA beyond membrane attack.
- Liu D1, Liu J1, Li J1, Xia L1, Yang J2, Sun S1, Ma J1, Zhang F3.
- Food chemistry.Food Chem.2017 Feb 15;217:576-84. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.033. Epub 2016 Sep 7.
- The antibacterial activities and mechanism of an amide-modified peptide CecXJ-37N were investigated in this study. CecXJ-37N showed small MICs (0.25-7.8μM) against eight harmful strains common in food industry. The α-helix proportion of CecXJ-37N increased by 11-fold in prokaryotic membrane compar
- PMID 27664674
- Natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity is increased by a type II arabinogalactan from Anoectochilus formosanus.
- Yang LC1, Lai CY2, Lin WC3.
- Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2017 Jan 2;155:466-474. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.086. Epub 2016 Aug 28.
- This study investigated the effects of a type II arabinogalactan from Anoectochilus formosanus (AGAF) on natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the possible underlying mechanisms. This study reported that sustained exposure to AGAF increased NK-92MI cell-mediated cytotoxicity in a time-
- PMID 27702536
- ChAT-positive neurons participate in subventricular zone neurogenesis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice.
- Wang J1, Fu X2, Zhang D2, Yu L2, Li N2, Lu Z2, Gao Y2, Wang M2, Liu X2, Zhou C2, Han W2, Yan B3, Wang J4.
- Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2017 Jan 1;316:145-151. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Sep 5.
- The mechanisms of post-stroke neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are unclear. However, neural stem cell-intrinsic and neurogenic niche mechanisms, as well as neurotransmitters, have been shown to play important roles in SVZ neurogenesis. Recently, a previously unknown population of cholin
- PMID 27609645
Japanese Journal
- Viable Neuronopathic Gaucher Disease Model in Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Displays Axonal Accumulation of Alpha-Synuclein.
- Uemura Norihito,Koike Masato,Ansai Satoshi,Kinoshita Masato,Ishikawa-Fujiwara Tomoko,Matsui Hideaki,Naruse Kiyoshi,Sakamoto Naoaki,Uchiyama Yasuo,Todo Takeshi,Takeda Shunichi,Yamakado Hodaka,Takahashi Ryosuke
- PLOS genetics 11(4), 2015-04-02
- … GBA-/- medaka displayed the pathological phenotypes resembling human neuronopathic GD including infiltration of Gaucher cell-like cells into the brains, progressive neuronal loss, and microgliosis. … Detailed pathological findings represented lysosomal abnormalities in neurons and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation in axonal swellings containing autophagosomes. …
- NAID 120005593596
- A neutral lipid envelope-type nanoparticle composed of a pH-activated and vitamin E-scaffold lipid-like material as a platform for a gene carrier targeting renal cell carcinoma
- Akita Hidetaka,Ishiba Ryohei,Togashi Ryohei,Tange Kota,Nakai Yuta,Hatakeyama Hiroto,Harashima Hideyoshi
- Journal of controlled release 200, 97-105, 2015-02-28
- … A renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the refractory tumors, since it readily acquires resistance against chemotherapy. … Furthermore, gene expression in the tumor was increased slightly when the hydrophobic scaffold of the ssPalm was replaced from the conventionally used myristic acid (ssPalmM) to alpha-tocopherol succinate (ssPalmE). …
- NAID 120005567732
- Neonatal Maternal Separation Alters the Capacity of Adult Neural Precursor Cells to Differentiate into Neurons Via Methylation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Gene Promoter
- Boku Shuken,Toda Hiroyuki,Nakagawa Shin,Kato Akiko,Inoue Takeshi,Koyama Tsukasa,Hiroi Noboru,Kusumi Ichiro
- Biological psychiatry 77(4), 335-344, 2015-02-15
- … We isolated adult neural precursor cells from the hippocampal dentate gyrus at PND 56 and assessed rates of proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation in cell culture. … NMS increased DNMT1 expression and decreased expression of RAR alpha. … An RAR alpha agonist increased neural differentiation and an antagonist reduced retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation. …
- NAID 120005553679
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- alpha cell, α-cell, α cell
- 関
- 下垂体α細胞
[★]
膵α細胞
- 関
- glucagon-secreting cell
[★]
α、アルファ
- 関
- alfa
[★]
細胞