A selection of alcoholic drinks. From left to right: red wine, malt whisky, lager, sparkling wine, lager, cherry liqueur and red wine
A liquor store in the United States. Global sales of alcoholic drinks exceeded $1 trillion in 2014.
An alcoholic drink, or alcoholic beverage, is a drink that contains a substantial amount of ethanol (informally called alcohol), a depressant which in low doses causes euphoria, reduced anxiety, and sociability and in higher doses causes intoxication (drunkenness), stupor and unconsciousness. Long-term use can lead to alcohol abuse, physical dependence, and alcoholism.
Drinking alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures. Most countries have laws regulating the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages;[1] some countries ban such activities entirely. However, alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world. The global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2014.[2]
Alcohol is one of the most widely used recreational drugs in the world. For instance, in 2015, among Americans, 89% of adults had consumed alcohol at some point, 70% had drunk it in the last year, and 56% in the last month.[3] Alcoholic drinks are typically divided into three classes—beers, wines, and spirits—and typically contain between 3% and 40% alcohol by volume.
Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggest that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period (cir. 10,000 BC).[4] Many nonhuman animals also consume alcohol when given the opportunity and are affected in much the same way as humans, although humans are the only species known to produce alcoholic drinks intentionally.[5]
Contents
- 1 Fermented drinks
- 1.1 Wine
- 1.2 Beer
- 1.3 Cider
- 1.4 Mead
- 2 Distilled drinks
- 3 Health effects
- 3.1 Short-term effects
- 3.2 Long-term effects
- 4 Usage
- 4.1 Apéritifs and digestifs
- 4.2 Flavoring
- 4.3 Congeners
- 4.4 Food energy
- 5 Alcohol measurement
- 5.1 Alcohol concentration
- 5.2 Serving measures
- 5.2.1 Shot sizes
- 5.2.2 Standard drinks
- 6 Laws
- 7 History
- 8 See also
- 8.1 Beverage-related articles
- 8.2 Social and health
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Fermented drinks
Wine (left) and beer (right) are served in different glasses
Wine
Main article: Wine
See also: Wine and health
Wine is a fermented beverage produced from grapes. Wine involves a longer fermentation process than beer and also a long aging process (months or years), resulting in an alcohol content of 9%–16% ABV. Sparkling wine can be made by means of a secondary fermentation.
"Fruit wines" are made from fruits other than grapes, such as plums, cherries, or apples. Sake is a popular example of "rice wine".
Beer
Main article: Beer
See also: Beer styles and List of beer styles
Beer is a beverage fermented from grain mash. It is typically made from barley or a blend of several grains and flavoured with hops. Most beer is naturally carbonated as part of the fermentation process. If the fermented mash is distilled, then the drink becomes a spirit. Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world.[6]
Cider
Cider or cyder ( SY-dər) is a fermented alcoholic drink made from any fruit juice; apple juice (traditional and most common), peaches, pears ("Perry" cider) or other fruit. Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% ABV to 8.5% or more in traditional English ciders. In some regions, cider may be called "apple wine".[7]
Mead
Mead () is an alcoholic drink made by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or hops. The alcoholic content of mead may range from about 8% ABV to more than 20%. The defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the drink's fermentable sugar is derived from honey.
Distilled drinks
Main article: Distilled beverage
These flaming cocktails illustrate that high-proof alcohol will readily catch fire and burn.
A distilled drink or liquor is an alcoholic drink produced by distilling (i.e., concentrating by distillation) ethanol produced by means of fermenting grain, fruit, or vegetables.[8] Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic drinks that have an alcohol content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits.[9] For the most common distilled drinks, such as whiskey and vodka, the alcohol content is around 40%. The term hard liquor is used in North America to distinguish distilled drinks from undistilled ones (implicitly weaker). Vodka, gin, baijiu, tequila, whiskey, brandy, and soju are examples of distilled drinks. Distilling concentrates the alcohol and eliminates some of the congeners. Freeze distillation concentrates ethanol along with methanol and fusel alcohols (fermentation by-products partially removed by distillation) in applejack.
Fortified wine is wine, such as port or sherry, to which a distilled beverage (usually brandy) has been added.[10] Fortified wine is distinguished from spirits made from wine in that spirits are produced by means of distillation, while fortified wine is simply wine that has had a spirit added to it. Many different styles of fortified wine have been developed, including port, sherry, madeira, marsala, commandaria, and the aromatized wine vermouth.[11]
Rectified spirit
Rectified spirit, also called "neutral grain spirit," is alcohol which has been purified by means of "rectification" (i.e., repeated distillation). The term "neutral" refers to the spirit's lacking the flavor that would have been present if the mash ingredients had been distilled to a lower level of alcoholic purity. Rectified spirit also lacks any flavoring added to it after distillation (as is done, for example, with gin). Other kinds of spirits, such as whiskey, are distilled to a lower alcohol percentage in order to preserve the flavor of the mash.
Rectified spirit is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid that may contain as much as 95% ABV. It is often used for medicinal purposes. It may be a grain spirit or it may be made from other plants. It is used in mixed drinks, liqueurs, and tinctures, but also as a household solvent.
Health effects
Main article: Alcohol and health
Results of the 2010 ISCD study ranking the levels of damage caused by drugs, in the opinion of drug-harm experts. When harm to self and others is summed, alcohol was the most harmful of all drugs considered, scoring 72%.
Alcoholic drinks are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans). IARC classifies alcoholic drink consumption as a cause of female breast, colorectum, larynx, liver, esophagus, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers; and as a probable cause of pancreatic cancer.[12] Alcohol in carbonated drinks is absorbed faster than alcohol in non-carbonated drinks.[13]
Short-term effects
Main article: Short-term effects of alcohol
Wine, beer, distilled spirits and other alcoholic drinks contain ethyl alcohol and alcohol consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the wine, beer or spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors.
Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious) and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. As with all alcoholic drinks, drinking while driving, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving.
Long-term effects
See also: Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
Both alcoholic and non-alcoholic red wine may boost heart health.
[14]
The main active ingredient of wine, beer and distilled spirits is alcohol. Drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men per day) is associated with a decreased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and early death.[15] Drinking more than this amount, however, increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke.[15] The risk is greater in younger people due to binge drinking which may result in violence or accidents.[15] About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year.[16] Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years[17] and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.[15] No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine.[15][18] Another long-term effect of alcohol usage, when also used with tobacco products, is alcohol acting as a solvent, which allows harmful chemicals in tobacco to get inside the cells that line the digestive tract. Alcohol slows these cells' healing ability to repair the damage to their DNA caused by the harmful chemicals in tobacco. Alcohol contributes to cancer through this process.[19]
While lower quality evidence suggest a cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis and alcoholism.[20] The American Heart Association "cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."[21]
Usage
Apéritifs and digestifs
An apéritif is any alcoholic beverage usually served before a meal to stimulate the appetite,[22] while a digestif is any alcoholic beverage served after a meal for the stated purpose of improving digestion. Fortified wine, liqueurs, and dry champagne are common apéritifs. Because apéritifs are served before dining, they are usually dry rather than sweet. One example is Cinzano, a brand of vermouth. Digestifs include brandy, fortified wines and herb-infused spirits (Drambuie).
Flavoring
Pure ethanol tastes bitter to humans; some people also describe it as sweet.[23] However, ethanol is also a moderately good solvent for many fatty substances and essential oils. This facilitates the use of flavoring and coloring compounds in alcoholic drinks as a taste mask, especially in distilled drinks. Some flavors may be naturally present in the beverage's raw material. Beer and wine may also be flavored before fermentation, and spirits may be flavored before, during, or after distillation. Sometimes flavor is obtained by allowing the beverage to stand for months or years in oak barrels, usually made of American or French oak. A few brands of spirits may also have fruit or herbs inserted into the bottle at the time of bottling.
Reduction of red wine for a sauce by cooking it on a stovetop. It is called a reduction because the heat boils off some of the water and most of the more volatile alcohol, leaving a more concentrated, wine-flavoured sauce.
Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as an accompanying beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising, since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes.[24] Wine sauce is an example of a culinary sauce that uses wine as a primary ingredient.[25] Natural wines may exhibit a broad range of alcohol content, from below 9% to above 16% ABV, with most wines being in the 12.5–14.5% range.[26] Fortified wines (usually with brandy) may contain 20% alcohol or more.
Congeners
See also: Congener (alcohol), Wine chemistry, and Hangover
In the alcoholic drinks industry, congeners are substances produced during fermentation. These substances include small amounts of chemicals such as occasionally desired other alcohols, like propanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol, but also compounds that are never desired such as acetone, acetaldehyde and glycols. Congeners are responsible for most of the taste and aroma of distilled alcoholic drinks, and contribute to the taste of non-distilled drinks.[27] It has been suggested that these substances contribute to the symptoms of a hangover.[28] Tannins are congeners found in wine in the presence of phenolic compounds. Wine tannins add bitterness, have a drying sensation, taste herbaceous and are often described as astringent. Wine tannins adds balance, complexity, structure and makes a wine last longer, so they play an important role in the aging of wine.[29]
Food energy
Alcoholic drinks are a source of food energy. The USDA uses a figure of 6.93 kilocalories (29.0 kJ) per gram of alcohol (5.47 kcal (22.9 kJ) per ml) for calculating food energy.[30] In addition to alcohol, many alcoholic drinks contain carbohydrates. For example, beer usually contains 10–15 g of carbohydrates (40–60 kcal or 170–250 kJ) per 350 ml (12 US fl oz) which may contribute to an increase in body weight and beer belly. In addition to the direct effect of its caloric content, alcohol is also known to potentiate the insulin response of the human body to glucose, which, in essence, "instructs" the body to convert consumed carbohydrates into fat and to suppress carbohydrate and fat oxidation.[31][32]
Alcohol measurement
Alcohol concentration
Typical ABV ranges[33]
| Beers |
typically 5% (range is from 3–15%) |
| Wines |
typically 13.5% (range is from 8%–17%) |
| Fortified wines |
15–22% |
| Spirits |
typically 30%-40% (range is from 15% to, in some rare cases, up to 98%) |
| Fruit juices |
< 0.1% |
| Cider, wine coolers |
4%–8% |
Main article: Alcohol by volume
The concentration of alcohol in a beverage is usually stated as the percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV, the number of milliliters (ml) of pure ethanol in 100 ml of beverage) or as proof. In the United States, proof is twice the percentage of alcohol by volume at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g. 80 proof = 40% ABV). Degrees proof were formerly used in the United Kingdom, where 100 degrees proof was equivalent to 57.1% ABV. Historically, this was the most dilute spirit that would sustain the combustion of gunpowder.
Ordinary distillation cannot produce alcohol of more than 95.6% ABV (191.2 proof) because at that point alcohol is an azeotrope with water. A spirit which contains a very high level of alcohol and does not contain any added flavoring is commonly called a neutral spirit. Generally, any distilled alcoholic beverage of 170 US proof or higher is considered to be a neutral spirit.[34]
Most yeasts cannot reproduce when the concentration of alcohol is higher than about 18%, so that is the practical limit for the strength of fermented drinks such as wine, beer, and sake. However, some strains of yeast have been developed that can reproduce in solutions of up to 25% ABV.[35]
Serving measures
See also: Alcohol equivalence
Shot sizes
Shot sizes vary significantly from country to country. In the United Kingdom, serving size in licensed premises is regulated under the Weights and Measures Act (1985). A single serving size of spirits (gin, whisky, rum, and vodka) are sold in 25 ml or 35 ml quantities or multiples thereof.[36] Beer is typically served in pints (568 ml), but is also served in half-pints or third-pints. In Israel, a single serving size of spirits is about twice as much, 50 or 60 mL.
The shape of a glass can have a significant effect on how much one pours. A Cornell University study of students and bartenders' pouring showed both groups pour more into short, wide glasses than into tall, slender glasses.[37] Aiming to pour one shot of alcohol (1.5 ounces or 44.3 ml), students on average poured 45.5 ml & 59.6 ml (30% more) respectively into the tall and short glasses. The bartenders scored similarly, on average pouring 20.5% more into the short glasses. More experienced bartenders were more accurate, pouring 10.3% less alcohol than less experienced bartenders. Practice reduced the tendency of both groups to over pour for tall, slender glasses but not for short, wide glasses. These misperceptions are attributed to two perceptual biases: (1) Estimating that tall, slender glasses have more volume than shorter, wider glasses; and (2) Over focusing on the height of the liquid and disregarding the width.
Standard drinks
A "standard drink" of hard liquor does not necessarily reflect a typical serving size, such as seen here
A standard drink is a notional drink that contains a specified amount of pure alcohol. The standard drink is used in many countries to quantify alcohol intake. It is usually expressed as a measure of beer, wine, or spirits. One standard drink always contains the same amount of alcohol regardless of serving size or the type of alcoholic beverage. The standard drink varies significantly from country to country. For example, it is 7.62 ml (6 grams) of alcohol in Austria, but in Japan it is 25 ml (19.75 grams).
- In the United Kingdom, there is a system of units of alcohol which serves as a guideline for alcohol consumption. A single unit of alcohol is defined as 10 ml. The number of units present in a typical drink is sometimes printed on bottles. The system is intended as an aid to people who are regulating the amount of alcohol they drink; it is not used to determine serving sizes.
- In the United States, the standard drink contains 0.6 US fluid ounces (18 ml) of alcohol. This is approximately the amount of alcohol in a 12-US-fluid-ounce (350 ml) glass of beer, a 5-US-fluid-ounce (150 ml) glass of wine, or a 1.5-US-fluid-ounce (44 ml) glass of a 40% ABV (80 US proof) spirit.
Laws
Main article: Alcohol laws
Alcohol laws regulate the manufacture, packaging, labelling, distribution, sale, consumption, blood alcohol content of motor vehicle drivers, open containers, and transportation of alcoholic drinks. Such laws generally seek to reduce the adverse health and social impacts of alcohol consumption. In particular, alcohol laws set the legal drinking age, which usually varies between 16 and 25 years, sometimes depending upon the type of drink (e.g., beer vs. hard liquor). Some countries do not have a legal drinking or purchasing age, but most countries set the minimum age at 18 years.[1] Such laws may take the form of permitting distribution only to licensed stores, monopoly stores, or pubs and they are often combined with taxation, which serves to reduce the demand for alcohol (by raising its price) and it is a form of revenue for governments. These laws also often limit the hours or days (e.g., "blue laws") on which alcohol may be sold or served, as can also be seen in the "last call" ritual in US and Canadian bars, where bartenders and servers ask patrons to place their last orders for alcohol, due to serving hour cutoff laws. In some countries, alcohol cannot be sold to a person who is already intoxicated. Alcohol laws in many countries prohibit drunk driving.
In some jurisdictions, alcoholic drinks are totally prohibited for reasons of religion (e.g., Islamic countries with sharia law) or for reasons of local option, public health, and morals (e.g., Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933). In jurisdictions which enforce sharia law, the consumption of alcoholic drinks is an illegal offense,[38] although such laws may exempt non-Muslims.[39]
History
Members of a German Student Corps (Duchy of Brunswick) shown drinking in a picture from 1837.
Main articles: History of alcoholic drinks and Drinking culture
- 10,000–5,000 BC: Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggests that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period.[40]
- 7000–5600 BC: Examination and analysis of ancient pottery jars from the neolithic village of Jiahu in the Henan province of northern China revealed residue left behind by the alcoholic drinks they had once contained. According to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, chemical analysis of the residue confirmed that a fermented drink made of grape and hawthorn fruit wine, honey mead and rice beer was being produced in 7000–5600 BC (McGovern et al., 2005; McGovern 2009).[41][42] The results of this analysis were published in December 2004.[43]
- 9th century AD: The medieval Arabs used the distillation process extensively, and applied it to the distillation of alcohol. The Arab chemist Al-Kindi unambiguously described the distillation of wine in the 9th century.[44][45][46]
- 12th century: The process of distillation spread from the Middle East to Italy,[44][47] where distilled alcoholic drinks were recorded in the mid-12th century.[48] In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties.[49] A still has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong, Hebei, dating to the 12th century.[49]
- 14th century: In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East, and was in wide use in the Delhi Sultanate by the 14th century.[47] By the early 14th century, distilled alcoholic drinks had spread throughout the European continent.[48]
See also
- Drink portal
- Liquor portal
- Beer portal
- Wine portal
Beverage-related articles
- List of alcoholic drinks
- List of countries by alcohol consumption
- Beer and breweries by region
- Chinese alcoholic beverages
- Cooking with alcohol
- Homebrewing
- Mixed drink
Social and health
- Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
- Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
- Alcohol and health
- Religion and alcohol
References
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- ^ Lichine, Alexis (1987). Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits (5th ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 236. ISBN 0-394-56262-3.
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The earliest possible period seems to be the Eastern Han dynasty... the most likely period for the beginning of true distillation of spirits for drinking in China is during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties
External links
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- About 37 percent of college students could now be considered alcoholics, Daily Emerald
- Alcohol, Health-EU Portal, Health-EU Portal
- What Is a Standard Drink?, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
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- Tsikoudia
- Tsipouro
- Zivania
- Various fruits
- Eau de vie
- Himbeergeist
- Kirschwasser
- Marillenschnaps
- Nalewka
- Pálinka
- Rakia
- Schnaps
|
|
| Cereals |
- Barley
- Irish whiskey
- Japanese whisky
- Scotch whisky
- Maize
- Bourbon whiskey
- Corn whiskey
- Tennessee whiskey
- Rice
- Awamori
- Cheongju
- Rice baijiu
- Shōchū
- Soju
- Rye
- Korn
- Rye whiskey
- Starka
- Sorghum
- Baijiu (Kaoliang)
- Multiple grains
- American whiskey
- Canadian whisky
|
| Other |
- Agave
- Mezcal
- Tequila
- Buckwheat
- Buckwheat whisky
- Shōchū
- Sugarcane or molasses
- Aguardiente
- Cachaça
- Clairin
- Guaro
- Rum
- Seco Herrerano
- Tharra
- Various starches
- Akvavit
- Horilka
- Poitín
- Shōchū
- Vodka
|
|
|
|
Liqueurs and infused distilled drinks by ingredients
|
- Almond
- Amaretto
- Crème de Noyaux
- Anise
- Absinthe
- Arak
- Hierbas
- Herbs de Majorca
- Ouzo
- Pastis
- Rakı
- Sambuca
- Blackthorn shrub
- Patxaran
- Chocolate
- Chocolate liqueur
- Cinnamon
- Tentura
- Cloudberry
- Lakka
- Coconut
- Malibu
- Coffee
- Kahlúa
- Tia Maria
- Egg
- Advocaat
- Hazelnut
- Frangelico
- Herbs
- Aquavit
- Bénédictine
- Brennivín
- Crème de menthe
- Metaxa
- Honey
- Bärenjäger
- Drambuie
- Glayva
- Krupnik
- Juniper
- Gin
- Jenever
- Orange
- Campari
- Cedratine
- Curaçao
- Triple sec
- Peppers
- Pertsivka
- Star anise
- Sassolino
- Sugarcane/molasses
- Charanda
- Various fruits
- Crème de banane
- Crème de cassis
- Limoncello
- Schnapps
- Sloe gin
|
|
- Category
- Portals
- Liquor
- Beer
- Drink
- Wine
- WikiProjects
- Beer
- Spirits
- Wine
|
|
Alcohol and health
|
Specific
interactions |
Note: see Template:Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses
- Aging
- Alcohol-induced mood disorders
- Brain
- Cancer
- Sleep
- Tolerance
- Weight
|
Substance
abuse
prevention |
|
Sobriety
|
- Alcohol-free zone
- Alcohol detoxification
- Alcohol rehabilitation
- Alcoholics Anonymous
- Sober companion
|
|
Alcohol
limitation
|
- 0-0-1-3
- Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages
- Alcohol education
- Alcohol server training
- Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages
|
|
Addiction medicine
|
- Alcoholism
- Anti-addictive psychedelics: Ibogaine, Salvia divinorum
|
|
| Religion and alcohol |
- Christian views on alcohol
- Islam and alcohol
- Dionysian Mysteries
|
| Social issues |
- Alcohol advertising
- Alcohol-free beverage definition controversy
- Alcohol self-medication
- Native Americans
- Binge drinking
- Blackout (alcohol-related amnesia)
- College student alcoholism
- Domestic violence
- Drinking games / pregaming
- Driving under the influence
- Drunkorexia
- Dry January
- Adult Children of Alcoholics
- Family systems
- French paradox
- High-functioning alcoholic (HFA)
- moonshine contamination
- Rum-running
- Sex
- Sin tax / Pigovian tax
|
| General |
- Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
- Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
|
|
Wine by country
|
| Africa |
- Algeria
- Egypt
- Morocco
- Namibia
- South Africa
- Tanzania
- Tunisia
|
|
| Asia |
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- China
- Georgia
- India
- Iran
- Israel
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Lebanon
- Palestine
- Philippines
- Vietnam
|
| Europe |
- Albania
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Ireland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Liechtenstein
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Malta
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
|
| North America |
- Canada
- Mexico
- United States
|
| Oceania |
|
| South America |
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Chile
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Uruguay
|
|
Lists of drinks
|
| Drinks |
- List of drinks
- Barley-based drinks
- Bottled water brands
- Brand name soft drink products
- Breakfast drinks
- Chocolate drinks
- Citrus soft drinks
- Herbal teas
- Hot drinks
- Juices
- Lemon dishes and beverages
- Lemonade topics
- Rice beverages
- Soft drink flavors
- Soft drink producers
- Soft drinks by country
- U.S. state beverages
|
| Alcoholic drinks |
- List of alcoholic drinks
- Beer by region
- Cider brands
- Liqueurs
- National liquors
- Piscos
- Rum producers
- Tequilas
- Vodkas
- Whisky brands
- Wines
|
Cocktails
|
- List of cocktails
- Beer cocktail
- Cocktails named after New York City boroughs
- Cocktails with cachaça
- Cocktails with wine, sparkling wine, or port
- Duo and trio cocktails
- Highball
- Martini variations
- Shooters
- Well drink
- Wine cocktail
|
|
| Caffeinated drinks |
- Coffee drinks
- Energy drinks
|
| By country |
- Bolivian drinks
- Brazilian drinks
- Chinese alcoholic beverages
- Chinese teas
- Cuban drinks
- France
- Indian beverages
- Indonesian drinks
- Italian
- Italian soda
- Wines
- Italian DOC wines
- Italian DOCG wines
- Italian IGT wines
- Japanese wine
- Korean beverages
- Korean alcoholic beverages
- Vietnamese wine
|
- Category
- Commons
- WikiProject Food and drink
|
|
Alcohols
|
Straight-chain
primary
alcohols (1°) |
- Methanol (C
1)
- Ethanol (C
2)
- 1-Propanol (C
3)
- n-Butanol (C
4)
- 1-Pentanol (C
5)
- 1-Hexanol (C
6)
- 1-Heptanol (C
7)
- 1-Octanol (C
8)
- 1-Nonanol (C
9)
- 1-Decanol (C
10)
- Undecanol (C
11)
- Dodecanol (C
12)
- Tridecan-1-ol (C
13)
- 1-Tetradecanol (C
14)
- Pentadecan-1-ol (C
15)
- Cetyl alcohol (C
16)
- Heptadecan-1-ol (C
17)
- Stearyl alcohol (C
18)
- Nonadecan-1-ol (C
19)
- Arachidyl alcohol (C
20)
- Heneicosan-1-ol (C
21)
- Docosanol (C
22)
- Tricosan-1-ol (C
23)
- 1-Tetracosanol (C
24)
- Pentacosan-1-ol (C
25)
- 1-Hexacosanol (C
26)
- 1-Heptacosanol (C
27)
- 1-Octacosanol (C
28)
- 1-Nonacosanol (C
29)
- Triacontanol (C
30)
|
Other primary
alcohols |
- Isobutanol (C
4)
- Isoamyl alcohol (C
5)
- 2-Methyl-1-butanol (C
5)
- Phenethyl alcohol (C
8)
- Tryptophol (C
10)
|
Secondary
alcohols (2°) |
- Isopropanol (C
3)
- 2-Butanol (C
4)
- 2-Pentanol (C
5)
- 2-Hexanol (C
6)
- 2-Heptanol (C
7)
- Cyclohexanol (C
6)
- 2-Octanol (C
8)
|
Tertiary
alcohols (3°) |
- tert-Butyl alcohol (C
4)
- tert-Amyl alcohol (C
5)
- 2-Methyl-2-pentanol (C
6)
- 2-Methylhexan-2-ol (C
7)
- 2-Methylheptan-2-ol (C
8)
- 3-Methyl-3-pentanol (C
6)
- 3-Methyloctan-3-ol (C
9)
|
Consumption of ethanol
|
Psychoactive substance-related disorder (F10–F19, 291–292; 303–305)
|
| General |
- SID
- Substance intoxication / Drug overdose
- Withdrawal
- Substance-induced psychosis
- SUD
- Substance abuse
- Physical dependence / Substance dependence
|
| Alcohol |
|
SID
|
|
Diseases
|
|
Neurological
disorders
|
- Alcoholic hallucinosis
- Alcohol withdrawal
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
- Korsakoff's syndrome
- Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
- Wernicke's encephalopathy
|
|
Digestive
system
|
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Alcoholic liver disease
- Auto-brewery syndrome
|
|
Nervous
system
|
- Alcohol-related dementia
- Alcoholic hallucinosis
- Hangover
|
|
Cardiovascular
system
|
- Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
- Alcohol flush reaction
|
|
|
|
SUD
|
- Alcoholism
- Alcohol dependence
- Alcohol abuse
|
|
| Opioids |
- SID
- SUD
- Opioid addiction and dependence
|
| Caffeine |
- SID
- Effect of caffeine on memory
- Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
- SUD
|
| Cannabis |
- SID
- Effects of cannabis
- Long-term effects of cannabis
- SUD
|
Sedative /
hypnotic |
- benzodiazepine: SID
- Benzodiazepine overdose
- Benzodiazepine withdrawal
- SUD
- Benzodiazepine misuse
- Benzodiazepine dependence
- barbiturate: SID
- SUD
|
| Cocaine |
|
| Stimulants |
|
| Hallucinogen |
- SID
- Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
|
| Tobacco |
- SID
- Nicotine poisoning
- Nicotine withdrawal
|
Volatile
solvent |
- Inhalant abuse: Toluene toxicity
|
| Multiple |
|
|
Other therapeutic products (V03AG–V03AZ)
|
| Treatment of hypercalcemia |
- Sodium cellulose phosphate
|
| Treatment of hypoglycaemia |
|
| Medical gases |
- Oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
- Helium
- Nitrogen
|
| Nerve depressants |
|
Patophysiology of ethanol
|
Antidotes (V03AB)
|
Nervous
system |
Nerve agent /
Organophosphate
poisoning |
- Atropine#
- Biperiden
- Diazepam#
- Oximes
- see also: Cholinesterase
|
|
Barbiturate
overdose
|
|
|
Benzodiazepine
overdose
|
|
|
GHB overdose
|
|
|
Opioid overdose
|
- Diprenorphine
- Doxapram
- Nalmefene
- Nalorphine
- Naloxone#
- Naltrexone
|
|
Reversal of
neuromuscular blockade
|
|
|
Circulatory
system |
|
Beta blocker
|
|
|
Digoxin toxicity
|
|
|
Heparin
|
|
|
| Other |
|
Arsenic poisoning
|
|
|
Cyanide poisoning
|
- 4-Dimethylaminophenol
- Hydroxocobalamin
- nitrite
- Amyl nitrite
- Sodium nitrite#
- Sodium thiosulfate#
|
|
Hydrofluoric acid
|
|
Methanol /
Ethylene glycol
poisoning |
- Primary alcohols: Ethanol
- Fomepizole
|
|
Paracetamol toxicity
(Acetaminophen)
|
- Acetylcysteine#
- Glutathione
- Methionine#
|
|
|
- Dimercaprol#
- Edetates
- Prussian blue#
|
|
Other
|
- iodine-131
- Methylthioninium chloride#
- oxidizing agent
- Prednisolone/promethazine
|
|
| Emetic |
- Copper sulfate
- Ipecacuanha
|
- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
|
|
Anxiolytics (N05B)
|
| 5-HT1AR agonists |
- Buspirone
- Gepirone†
- Tandospirone
|
| GABAAR PAMs |
- Benzodiazepines: Adinazolam
- Alprazolam
- Bromazepam
- Camazepam
- Chlordiazepoxide
- Clobazam
- Clonazepam
- Clorazepate
- Clotiazepam
- Cloxazolam
- Diazepam#
- Ethyl loflazepate
- Etizolam
- Fludiazepam
- Halazepam
- Ketazolam
- Lorazepam#
- Medazepam
- Nordazepam
- Oxazepam
- Pinazepam
- Prazepam; Others: Alpidem‡
- Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital)
- Carbamates (e.g., meprobamate)
- Chlormezanone‡
- Ethanol
- Etifoxine; Herbs:
- Kava
- Skullcap
- Valerian
|
| α2δ VDCC blockers |
- Gabapentin
- Gabapentin enacarbil
- Phenibut
- Pregabalin
|
| Antidepressants |
- SSRIs (e.g., escitalopram)
- SNRIs (e.g., duloxetine)
- SARIs (e.g., trazodone)
- TCAs (e.g., clomipramine)
- TeCAs (e.g., mirtazapine)
- MAOIs (e.g., phenelzine); Others: Agomelatine
- Bupropion
- Tianeptine
- Vilazodone
- Vortioxetine
|
| Sympatholytics |
- Alpha-1 blockers (e.g., prazosin)
- Alpha-2 agonists (e.g., clonidine, dexmedetomidine, guanfacine)
- Beta blockers (e.g., propranolol)
|
| Others |
- Benzoctamine
- Cannabidiol
- Cycloserine
- Fabomotizole
- Hydroxyzine
- Kanna
- Lavender
- Lorpiprazole
- Mebicar
- Mepiprazole
- Nicotine
- Opipramol
- Oxaflozane‡
- Phenaglycodol
- Phenibut
- Picamilon
- Selank
- Tiagabine
- Tofisopam
- Validolum
|
- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
|
|
Hypnotics/sedatives (N05C)
|
| GABAA |
|
| GABAB |
- 1,4-Butanediol
- Aceburic acid
- Baclofen
- GABOB
- GHB (sodium oxybate)
- GBL
- GVL
- Phenibut
- Tolibut
|
| H1 |
| Antihistamines |
- Captodiame
- Cyproheptadine
- Diphenhydramine
- Doxylamine
- Hydroxyzine
- Methapyrilene
- Pheniramine
- Promethazine
- Propiomazine
|
| Antidepressants |
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Amitriptyline
- Doxepin
- Trimipramine, etc.
- Tetracyclic antidepressants
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine, etc.
|
| Antipsychotics |
- Typical antipsychotics
- Chlorpromazine
- Thioridazine, etc.
- Atypical antipsychotics
- Olanzapine
- Quetiapine
- Risperidone, etc.
|
|
| α2-Adrenergic |
- Clonidine
- Detomidine
- Dexmedetomidine
- Lofexidine
- Medetomidine
- Romifidine
- Tizanidine
- Xylazine
|
| 5-HT2A |
| Antidepressants |
- Trazodone
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Amitriptyline
- Doxepin
- Trimipramine, etc.
- Tetracyclic antidepressants
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine, etc.
|
| Antipsychotics |
- Typical antipsychotics
- Chlorpromazine
- Thioridazine, etc.
- Atypical antipsychotics
- Olanzapine
- Quetiapine
- Risperidone, etc.
|
| Others |
|
|
| Melatonin |
- Agomelatine
- Melatonin
- Ramelteon
- Tasimelteon
|
| Orexin |
- Almorexant
- Filorexant
- Suvorexant
|
| Others |
- Cannabidiol
- Chlorophenylalkyldiols
- Fenpentadiol
- Metaglycodol
- Phenaglycodol
- Diethylpropanediol
- Evoxine
- Fenadiazole
- Gabapentinoids
- Gabapentin
- Gabapentin enacarbil
- Phenibut
- Pregabalin
- Guaifenesin-related muscle relaxants
- Chlorphenesin
- Mephenesin
- Mephenoxalone
- Metaxalone
- Methocarbamol
- Passion flower
- Scopolamine
- Trazodone
- UMB68
- Valnoctamide
|
|
Physical dependants
|
| µ-opioids |
All µ-opioids with any (even slight) agonist effect, such as (partial list) morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, buprenorphine, nalbuphine, methadone, and fentanil, but not agonists specific to non-µ opioid receptors, such as salvinorin A (a k-opioid agonist), nor opioid antagonists or inverse agonists, such as naltrexone (a universal opioid inverse agonist)
|
| GABAergics |
All GABA agonists and positive allosteric modulators of both the GABA-A ionotropic receptor and GABA-B metabotropic receptor subunits, of which the following drugs are examples (partial list):
- Alcohols
- barbiturates
- benzodiazepines
- nonbenzodiazepines (z-drugs)
- GHB
- carbamates
- baclofen
- chloral hydrate
- glutethimide
- clomethiazole
- methaqualone
|
Other
drug groups |
- antiepileptic
- blood pressure medications
- androgenic-anabolic steroids
- glucocorticoids
|
| Other drugs |
- Cocaine
- gabapentin
- Nicotine
|
|
Neurotoxins
|
| Animal |
- Batrachotoxin
- Bestoxin
- Birtoxin
- Bungarotoxin
- Charybdotoxin
- Conotoxin
- Huwentoxin
- Saxitoxin
- Tetrodotoxin
- Vanillotoxin
|
| Bacterial |
- Botulinum toxin
- Tetanospasmin
|
| Plant |
- Bicuculline
- Penitrem A
- Picrotoxin
|
| Pesticides |
|
| Nerve agents |
- Cyclosarin
- EA-3148
- Novichok agent
- Sarin
- Soman
- Tabun
- VE
- VG
- VM
- VR
- VX
|
Pharmacology of ethanol
|
|
| Alcohols |
- Brometone
- Butanol
- Chloralodol
- Chlorobutanol (cloretone)
- Ethanol (drinking alcohol)
- Ethchlorvynol
- Isobutanol
- Isopropanol
- Menthol
- Methanol
- Methylpentynol
- Pentanol
- Petrichloral
- Propanol
- tert-Butanol (2M2P)
- tert-Pentanol (2M2B)
- Tribromoethanol
- Trichloroethanol
- Triclofos
- Trifluoroethanol
|
| Barbiturates |
- (-)-DMBB
- Allobarbital
- Alphenal
- Amobarbital
- Aprobarbital
- Barbexaclone
- Barbital
- Benzobarbital
- Benzylbutylbarbiturate
- Brallobarbital
- Brophebarbital
- Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital
- Butalbital
- Buthalital
- Butobarbital
- Butallylonal
- Carbubarb
- Crotylbarbital
- Cyclobarbital
- Cyclopentobarbital
- Difebarbamate
- Enallylpropymal
- Ethallobarbital
- Eterobarb
- Febarbamate
- Heptabarb
- Heptobarbital
- Hexethal
- Hexobarbital
- Metharbital
- Methitural
- Methohexital
- Methylphenobarbital
- Narcobarbital
- Nealbarbital
- Pentobarbital
- Phenallymal
- Phenobarbital
- Phetharbital
- Primidone
- Probarbital
- Propallylonal
- Propylbarbital
- Proxibarbital
- Reposal
- Secobarbital
- Sigmodal
- Spirobarbital
- Talbutal
- Tetrabamate
- Tetrabarbital
- Thialbarbital
- Thiamylal
- Thiobarbital
- Thiobutabarbital
- Thiopental
- Thiotetrabarbital
- Valofane
- Vinbarbital
- Vinylbital
|
| Benzodiazepines |
|
| Carbamates |
- Carisbamate
- Carisoprodol
- Clocental
- Cyclarbamate
- Difebarbamate
- Emylcamate
- Ethinamate
- Febarbamate
- Felbamate
- Hexapropymate
- Lorbamate
- Mebutamate
- Meprobamate
- Nisobamate
- Pentabamate
- Phenprobamate
- Procymate
- Styramate
- Tetrabamate
- Tybamate
|
| Flavonoids |
- 6-Methylapigenin
- Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)
- Apigenin
- Baicalein
- Baicalin
- Catechin
- EGC
- EGCG
- Hispidulin
- Linarin
- Luteolin
- Rc-OMe
- Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin)
- Wogonin
|
| Imidazoles |
- Etomidate
- Metomidate
- Propoxate
|
| Kava constituents |
- 10-Methoxyyangonin
- 11-Methoxyyangonin
- 11-Hydroxyyangonin
- Desmethoxyyangonin
- 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain
- 7,8-Dihydroyangonin
- Kavain
- 5-Hydroxykavain
- 5,6-Dihydroyangonin
- 7,8-Dihydrokavain
- 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin
- 5,6-Dehydromethysticin
- Methysticin
- 7,8-Dihydromethysticin
- Yangonin
|
| Monoureides |
- Acecarbromal
- Apronal (apronalide)
- Bromisoval
- Carbromal
- Capuride
- Ectylurea
|
| Neuroactive steroids |
- Acebrochol
- Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
- Alfadolone
- Alfaxalone
- 3α-Androstanediol
- Androstenol
- Androsterone
- Certain anabolic-androgenic steroids
- Cholesterol
- DHDOC
- 3α-DHP
- 5α-DHP
- 5β-DHP
- DHT
- Etiocholanolone
- Ganaxolone
- Hydroxydione
- Minaxolone
- ORG-20599
- ORG-21465
- P1-185
- Pregnanolone (eltanolone)
- Progesterone
- Renanolone
- SAGE-105
- SAGE-217
- SAGE-324
- SAGE-516
- SAGE-689
- SAGE-872
- Testosterone
- THDOC
|
| Nonbenzodiazepines |
- β-Carbolines: Abecarnil
- Gedocarnil
- Harmane
- SL-651,498
- ZK-93423; Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone
- Pagoclone
- Pazinaclone
- Suproclone
- Suriclone
- Zopiclone; Imidazopyridines: Alpidem
- DS-1
- Necopidem
- Saripidem
- Zolpidem; Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon
- Fasiplon
- Indiplon
- Lorediplon
- Ocinaplon
- Panadiplon
- Taniplon
- Zaleplon; Others: Adipiplon
- CGS-8216
- CGS-9896
- CGS-13767
- CGS-20625
- CL-218,872
- CP-615,003
- CTP-354
- ELB-139
- GBLD-345
- JM-1232
- L-838,417
- Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)
- NS-2664
- NS-2710
- NS-11394
- Pipequaline
- ROD-188
- RWJ-51204
- SB-205,384
- SX-3228
- TGSC01AA
- TP-003
- TPA-023
- TP-13
- U-89843A
- U-90042
- Viqualine
- Y-23684
|
| Phenols |
- Fospropofol
- Propofol
- Thymol
|
| Piperidinediones |
- Glutethimide
- Methyprylon
- Piperidione
- Pyrithyldione
|
| Pyrazolopyridines |
- Cartazolate
- Etazolate
- ICI-190,622
- Tracazolate
|
| Quinazolinones |
- Afloqualone
- Cloroqualone
- Diproqualone
- Etaqualone
- Mebroqualone
- Mecloqualone
- Methaqualone
- Methylmethaqualone
- Nitromethaqualone
- SL-164
|
| Volatiles/gases |
- Acetone
- Acetophenone
- Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
- Aliflurane
- Benzene
- Butane
- Butylene
- Centalun
- Chloral
- Chloral betaine
- Chloral hydrate
- Chloroform
- Cryofluorane
- Desflurane
- Dichloralphenazone
- Dichloromethane
- Diethyl ether
- Enflurane
- Ethyl chloride
- Ethylene
- Fluroxene
- Gasoline
- Halopropane
- Halothane
- Isoflurane
- Kerosine
- Methoxyflurane
- Methoxypropane
- Nitric oxide
- Nitrogen
- Nitrous oxide
- Norflurane
- Paraldehyde
- Propane
- Propylene
- Roflurane
- Sevoflurane
- Synthane
- Teflurane
- Toluene
- Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
- Trichloroethylene
- Vinyl ether
|
| Others/unsorted |
- 3-Hydroxybutanal
- α-EMTBL
- AA-29504
- Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin)
- Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide)
- Carbamazepine
- Chloralose
- Chlormezanone
- Clomethiazole
- DEABL
- Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine))
- DS2
- Efavirenz
- Etazepine
- Etifoxine
- Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid)
- Fluoxetine
- Flupirtine
- Hopantenic acid
- Lanthanum
- Lavender oil
- Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol)
- Loreclezole
- Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
- Monastrol
- Niacin
- Nicotinamide (niacinamide)
- Org 25,435
- Phenytoin
- Propanidid
- Retigabine (ezogabine)
- Safranal
- Seproxetine
- Stiripentol
- Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional)
- Terpenoids (e.g., borneol)
- Topiramate
- Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol)
- Unsorted benzodiazepine site PAMs: MRK-409 (MK-0343)
- TCS-1105
- TCS-1205
|
|
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators
|
|
Glutamate receptor modulators
|
Receptor
(ligands) |
| Ionotropic |
| AMPA |
- Agonists: Glutamate/active site agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine
- Acromelic acid (acromelate)
- AMPA
- BOAA
- Domoic acid
- Glutamate
- Ibotenic acid
- Proline
- Quisqualic acid
- Willardiine; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam
- Cyclothiazide
- CX-516
- CX-546
- CX-614
- Farampator (CX-691, Org 24448)
- CX-717
- CX-1739
- CX-1942
- Diazoxide
- Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
- IDRA-21
- LY-392,098
- LY-404,187
- LY-451,646
- LY-503,430
- Mibampator (LY-451,395)
- Org 26576
- Oxiracetam
- PEPA
- PF-04958242
- Piracetam
- Pramiracetam
- S-18986
- S-47445 (CX-1632)
- Sunifiram
- Unifiram
- Antagonists: ACEA-1011
- ATPO
- Becampanel
- Caroverine
- CNQX
- Dasolampanel
- DNQX
- Fanapanel (MPQX)
- GAMS
- GYKI-52466
- Kaitocephalin
- Kynurenic acid
- Kynurenine
- Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
- NBQX
- PNQX
- Selurampanel
- Tezampanel
- Theanine
- Topiramate
- YM90K
- Zonampanel; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
- Cyclopropane
- Enflurane
- Ethanol
- Evans blue
- GYKI-53,655
- Halothane
- Irampanel
- Isoflurane
- Perampanel
- Pregnenolone sulfate
- Talampanel
|
| NMDA |
- Agonists: Glutamate/active site agonists: AMAA
- Aspartate
- Glutamate
- Homocysteic acid (L-HCA)
- Homoquinolinic acid
- Ibotenic acid
- NMDA
- Proline
- Quinolinic acid
- Tetrazolylglycine
- Theanine; Glycine site agonists: β-Fluoro-D-alanine
- ACBD
- ACC (ACPC)
- ACPD
- AK-51
- Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
- B6B21
- CCG
- D-Alanine
- D-Cycloserine
- D-Serine
- DHPG
- Dimethylglycine
- Glycine
- HA-966
- L-687,414
- L-Alanine
- L-Serine
- Milacemide
- Neboglamine (nebostinel)
- Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
- Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Spermidine
- Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S-Hydroxycholesterol
- DHEA
- DHEA sulfate
- Pregnenolone sulfate
- SAGE-718
- Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV)
- AP7
- CGP-37849
- CGP-39551
- CGP-39653
- CGP-40116
- CGS-19755
- CPP
- Kaitocephalin
- LY-233,053
- LY-235,959
- LY-274,614
- MDL-100,453
- Midafotel (d-CPPene)
- NPC-12,626
- NPC-17,742
- PBPD
- PEAQX
- Perzinfotel
- PPDA
- SDZ-220581
- Selfotel; Noncompetitive antagonists: ARR-15,896
- Caroverine
- Dexanabinol
- FPL-12495
- FR-115,427
- Hodgkinsine
- Magnesium
- MDL-27,266
- NPS-1506
- Psychotridine
- Zinc; Uncompetitive pore blockers: 2-MDP
- 3-HO-PCP
- 3-MeO-PCE
- 3-MeO-PCMo
- 3-MeO-PCP
- 4-MeO-PCP
- 8A-PDHQ
- 18-MC
- α-Endopsychosin
- Alaproclate
- Amantadine
- Aptiganel
- Arketamine
- ARL-12,495
- ARL-15,896-AR
- ARL-16,247
- Budipine
- Conaridine
- Delucemine
- Dexoxadrol
- Dextrallorphan
- Dieticyclidine
- Diphenidine
- Dizocilpine
- Ephenidine
- Esketamine
- Etoxadrol
- Eticyclidine
- Fluorolintane
- Gacyclidine
- Ibogaine
- Ibogamine
- Indantadol
- Ketamine
- Ketobemidone
- Lanicemine
- Loperamide
- Memantine
- Methadone (Levomethadone)
- Methorphan (Dextromethorphan
- Levomethorphan)
- Methoxetamine
- Methoxphenidine
- Milnacipran
- Morphanol (Dextrorphan
- Levorphanol)
- NEFA
- Neramexane
- Nitromemantine
- Nitrous oxide
- Noribogaine
- Norketamine
- Orphenadrine
- PCPr
- PD-137889
- Pethidine (meperidine)
- Phencyclamine
- Phencyclidine
- Propoxyphene
- Remacemide
- Rhynchophylline
- Rimantadine
- Rolicyclidine
- Sabeluzole
- Tabernanthine
- Tenocyclidine
- Tiletamine
- Tramadol
- Xenon; Glycine site antagonists: 4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)
- 5,7-DCKA
- 7-CKA
- ACC
- ACEA-1011
- ACEA-1328
- AV-101
- Carisoprodol
- CGP-39653
- CNQX
- DNQX
- Felbamate
- Gavestinel
- GV-196,771
- Kynurenic acid
- Kynurenine
- L-689,560
- L-701,324
- Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
- LU-73,068
- MDL-105,519
- Meprobamate
- MRZ 2/576
- PNQX
- ZD-9379; NR2B subunit antagonists: Besonprodil
- CERC-301 (MK-0657)
- CO-101,244 (PD-174,494)
- Eliprodil
- Haloperidol
- Ifenprodil
- Isoxsuprine
- Nylidrin
- Ro8-4304
- Ro25-6981
- Traxoprodil; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine
- Co 101676
- Diaminopropane
- Diethylenetriamine
- Huperzine A
- Putrescine
- Ro 25-6981; Unclassified/unsorted antagonists: Bumetanide
- Chloroform
- Cyclopropane
- D-αAA
- Diethyl ether
- Enflurane
- Ethanol
- Flufenamic acid
- Flupirtine
- Furosemide
- Halothane
- Isoflurane
- Metaphit
- Methoxyflurane
- Niflumic acid
- Pentamidine isethionate
- Piretanide
- Toluene
- Transcrocetin (saffron)
- Trichloroethane
- Trichloroethanol
- Trichloroethylene
- Xylene
|
| Kainate |
- Agonists: Glutamate/active site agonists: 5-Bromowillardiine
- 5-Iodowillardiine
- Acromelic acid (acromelate)
- AMPA
- ATPA
- Domoic acid
- Glutamate
- Ibotenic acid
- Kainic acid
- LY-339,434
- Proline
- Quisqualic acid
- SYM-2081; Positive allosteric modulators: Cyclothiazide
- Diazoxide
- Enflurane
- Halothane
- Isoflurane
- Antagonists: ACEA-1011
- CNQX
- Dasolampanel
- DNQX
- GAMS
- Kaitocephalin
- Kynurenic acid
- Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
- LY-382,884
- NBQX
- NS102
- Selurampanel
- Tezampanel
- Theanine
- Topiramate
- UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
- Enflurane
- Ethanol
- Evans blue
- NS-3763
- Pregnenolone sulfate
|
|
| Metabotropic |
| mGluR1 |
- Agonists: ACPD
- DHPG
- Glutamate
- Ibotenic acid
- Quisqualic acid
- Ro01-6128
- Ro67-4853
- Ro67-7476
- VU-71
- Theanine
- Antagonists: BAY 36-7620
- CPCCOEt
- Cyclothiazide
- LY-367,385
- LY-456,236
- MCPG
- NPS-2390
|
| mGluR2 |
- Agonists: BINA
- CBiPES
- DCG-IV
- Eglumegad
- Glutamate
- Ibotenic acid
- LY-379,268
- LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad)
- LY-487,379
- LY-566,332
- MGS-0028
- Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023)
- Talaglumetad; Positive allosteric modulators: JNJ-40411813 (ADX-71149)
- Antagonists: APICA
- CECXG
- EGLU
- HYDIA
- LY-307,452
- LY-341,495
- MCPG
- MGS-0039
- PCCG-4; Negative allosteric modulators: Decoglurant
- RO4491533
|
| mGluR3 |
- Agonists: CBiPES
- DCG-IV
- Eglumegad
- Glutamate
- Ibotenic acid
- LY-379,268
- LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad)
- LY-487,379
- MGS-0028
- Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023)
- Talaglumetad
- Antagonists: APICA
- CECXG
- EGLU
- HYDIA
- LY-307,452
- LY-341,495
- MCPG
- MGS-0039; Negative allosteric modulators: Decoglurant
- RO4491533
|
| mGluR4 |
- Agonists: Glutamate
- L-AP4
- PHCCC
- VU-001,171
- VU-0155,041; Positive allosteric modulators: MPEP
- Antagonists: CPPG
- MAP4
- MPPG
- MSOP
- MTPG
- UBP-1112
|
| mGluR5 |
- Agonists: ACPD
- ADX-47273
- CDPPB
- CHPG
- DFB
- DHPG
- Glutamate
- Ibotenic acid
- Quisqualic acid
- VU-1545
- Antagonists: CTEP
- DMeOB
- LY-344,545
- Mavoglurant
- MCPG
- NPS-2390
- Remeglurant
- SIB-1757
- SIB-1893; Negative allosteric modulators: Basimglurant
- Dipraglurant
- Fenobam
- GRN-529
- MPEP
- MTEP
- Raseglurant
|
| mGluR6 |
- Agonists: Glutamate
- L-AP4
- Antagonists: CPPG
- MAP4
- MPPG
- MSOP
- MTPG
- UBP-1112
|
| mGluR7 |
- Agonists: AMN082
- Glutamate
- L-AP4
- Antagonists: CPPG
- MAP4
- MMPIP
- MPPG
- MSOP
- MTPG
- UBP-1112
|
| mGluR8 |
- Agonists: DCPG
- Glutamate
- L-AP4
- Antagonists: CPPG
- MAP4
- MPPG
- MSOP
- MTPG
- UBP-1112
|
|
|
Transporter
(blockers) |
| EAATs |
- Amphetamine
- Aspartic acid (aspartate)
- cis-ACBD
- DHKA
- Glutamic acid (glutamate)
- HIP-A
- HIP-B
- Kainic acid
- L-(-)-threo-3-Hydroxyaspartic acid
- L-αAA
- L-CCG-III ((2S,3S,4R)-CCG)
- L-Serine-O-sulphate (SOS)
- L-trans-2,4-PDC
- MPDC
- SYM-2081
- TBOA
- TFB-TBOA
- Theanine
- threo-3-Methylglutamic acid
- UCPH-101
- WAY-213,613
|
| vGluTs |
- 4-Methylene-L-glutamate
- 6-(4'-Phenylstyryl)-QDC
- 6-Biphenyl-4-yl-QDC
- 7-CKA
- Acid red 114
- Amido black 10B (naphthol blue black)
- Bafilomycin A1
- Benzopurpurin 4B
- Bumetamide
- Chicago sky blue 6B
- Aspartic acid (aspartate)
- DIDS
- Direct blue 71
- Erythro-4-methyl-L-glutamic acid
- Evans blue
- Furosemide
- Glutamic acid (glutamate)
- Kynurenic acid
- Nigericin
- NPPB (N144)
- Ponceau SS
- Reactive blue 2
- Rose bengal
- SITS
- trans-ACDP
- Trypan blue
- Valinomycin
- Xanthurenic acid
|
|
Enzyme
(inhibitors) |
| GAH |
|
| AST |
- 2-Amino-3-butenoic acid
- AAOA
- AMB
- β-DL-Methylene-aspartate
- Hydrazinosuccinate
|
| ALT |
- β-Chloro-L-alanine
- L-Cycloserine
- Propargylglycine
|
| GDH |
- AAOA
- Bithionol
- Chloroquine
- EGCG
- GTP
- GW5074
- Hexachlorophene
- Hydroxylamine
- Palmitoyl-CoA
- Pyridoxal phosphate
|
| GS |
- 2-Aminoadipic acid
- JFD01307SC
- Methionine sulfoximine
- Phosphinothricin (glufosinate)
|
| GAD |
- 3-Mercaptopropionic acid
- AAOA
- L-Allylglycine
- Semicarbazide
|
|
| Others |
- Precursors: GHB
- L-Glutamine
- Cofactors: α-Ketoglutaric acid
- Iron
- Sulfur
- Vitamin B2
- Vitamin B3
- Prodrugs: Aceglutamide (to L-glutamine)
- Others: Acamprosate
- Cysteine
- Cytidine
- Cytisine
- Glutathione
- Glutathione disulfide
- Minocycline
- N-Acetylcysteine
- Riluzole
- S-Nitrosoglutathione
- Tianeptine
|
|
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABAergics • GHBergics • Glycinergics
|
|
Serotonin receptor modulators
|
|
|
| 5-HT1A |
- Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT
- Adatanserin
- Amphetamine
- Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, nefazodone, trazodone, vilazodone, vortioxetine)
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone)
- Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone)
- Bay R 1531
- Befiradol
- BMY-14802
- Cannabidiol
- Dimemebfe
- Dopamine
- Ebalzotan
- Eltoprazine
- Enciprazine
- Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide)
- F-11461
- F-12826
- F-13714
- F-14679
- F-15063
- F-15599
- Flesinoxan
- Flibanserin
- Flumexadol
- Lesopitron
- LY-293284
- LY-301317
- mCPP
- MKC-242
- Naluzotan
- NBUMP
- Osemozotan
- Oxaflozane
- Pardoprunox
- Piclozotan
- Rauwolscine
- Repinotan
- Roxindole
- RU-24969
- S-14506
- S-14671
- S-15535
- Sarizotan
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- SSR-181507
- Sunepitron
- Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin)
- TGBA01AD
- U-92016A
- Urapidil
- Vilazodone
- Xaliproden
- Yohimbine
|
- Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole)
- AV965
- Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, oxprenolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol)
- BMY-7378
- CSP-2503
- Dotarizine
- Ergolines (e.g., metergoline)
- Flopropione
- GR-46611
- Isamoltane
- Lecozotan
- Mefway
- Metitepine (methiothepin)
- MIN-117 (WF-516)
- MPPF
- NAN-190
- Robalzotan
- S-15535
- SB-649915
- SDZ 216-525
- Spiperone
- Spiramide
- Spiroxatrine
- UH-301
- WAY-100135
- WAY-100635
- Xylamidine
|
- Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine
- Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine))
|
|
| 5-HT1B |
- Agonists: CGS-12066A
- CP-93129
- CP-94253
- CP-122,288
- CP-135807
- Eltoprazine
- Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide)
- mCPP
- RU-24969
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan)
- TFMPP
- Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT)
- Vortioxetine
|
- Antagonists: AR-A000002
- Elzasonan
- Ergolines (e.g., metergoline)
- GR-127935
- Isamoltane
- LY-393558
- Metitepine (methiothepin)
- SB-216641
- SB-224289
- SB-236057
- Yohimbine
|
- Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride)
|
|
| 5-HT1D |
- Agonists: CP-122,288
- CP-135807
- CP-286601
- Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide)
- GR-46611
- L-694247
- L-772405
- mCPP
- PNU-109291
- PNU-142633
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- TGBA01AD
- Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan)
- Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT)
|
- Antagonists: Alniditan
- BRL-15572
- Elzasonan
- Ergolines (e.g., metergoline)
- GR-127935
- Ketanserin
- LY-310762
- LY-367642
- LY-393558
- LY-456219
- LY-456220
- Metitepine (methiothepin)
- Mianserin
- Ritanserin
- Yohimbine
- Ziprasidone
|
- Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine
- Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide)
|
|
| 5-HT1E |
- Agonists: BRL-54443
- Ergolines (e.g., methysergide)
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Triptans (e.g., eletriptan)
- Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine)
|
- Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin)
|
- Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine)
|
|
| 5-HT1F |
- Agonists: BRL-54443
- CP-122,288
- Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide)
- Lasmiditan
- LY-334370
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan)
- Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT)
|
- Antagonists: Mianserin
- Metitepine (methiothepin)
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5-HT2A |
- Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe)
- 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21)
- 2C-B-FLY
- 2CB-Ind
- 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT)
- α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT)
- AL-34662
- AL-37350A
- Bromo-DragonFLY
- Dimemebfe
- DMBMPP
- DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM)
- Efavirenz
- Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide)
- Flumexadol
- Jimscaline
- Lorcaserin
- MDxx (e.g., MDA, MDMA, MDOH, MMDA)
- O-4310
- Oxaflozane
- PHA-57378
- PNU-22394
- PNU-181731
- RH-34
- Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline)
- Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP)
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- TCB-2
- TFMFly
- Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine)
|
- Antagonists: 5-I-R91150
- 5-MeO-NBpBrT
- AC-90179
- Adatanserin
- Altanserin
- AMDA
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine)
- Cinanserin
- CSP-2503
- Cyproheptadine
- Deramciclane
- Dotarizine
- Eplivanserin
- Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole)
- Etoperidone
- Fananserin
- Flibanserin
- Glemanserin
- Irindalone
- Ketanserin
- KML-010
- Lubazodone
- LY-393558
- Medifoxamine
- Mepiprazole
- Metitepine (methiothepin)
- MIN-101
- Naftidrofuryl
- Nantenine
- Nefazodone
- Nelotanserin
- Pelanserin
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Pimavanserin
- Pirenperone
- Pizotifen
- Pruvanserin
- Rauwolscine
- Ritanserin
- S-14671
- Sarpogrelate
- Setoperone
- Spiperone
- Spiramide
- SR-46349B
- TGBA01AD
- Teniloxazine
- Temanogrel
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)
- Trazodone
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline)
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine)
- Volinanserin
- Xylamidine
- Yohimbine
|
- Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, ergometrine (ergonovine), nicergoline)
- MIN-117 (WF-516)
|
|
| 5-HT2B |
- Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex
- Aminorex
- Amphetamines (eg., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine)
- BW-723C86
- DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM)
- Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide)
- MDxx (e.g., MDA, MDMA, MDOH, [MMDA (drug)
|
- Antagonists: Agomelatine
- Asenapine
- Cyproheptadine
- EGIS-7625
- Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine)
- Ketanserin
- LY-393558
- Metadoxine
- Metitepine (methiothepin)
- Pirenperone
- Propranolol
- PRX-08066
- Rauwolscine
- Ritanserin
- RS-127445
- Sarpogrelate
- SB-200646
- SB-204741
- SB-206553
- SB-215505
- SB-221284
- SB-228357
- SDZ SER-082
- Tegaserod
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin)
- TIK-301
- Yohimbine
|
- Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine))
|
|
| 5-HT2C |
- Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21)
- 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT)
- α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT)
- A-372159
- AL-38022A
- Alstonine
- CP-809101
- Dimemebfe
- DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM)
- Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide)
- Flumexadol
- Lorcaserin
- MDxx (e.g., MDA, MDMA, MDOH, MMDA)
- MK-212
- Org 12962
- Org 37684
- Oxaflozane
- PHA-57378
- Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline)
- Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP)
- PNU-22394
- PNU-181731
- Ro60-0175
- Ro60-0213
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine)
- Vabicaserin
- WAY-629
- WAY-161503
- YM-348
|
- Antagonists: Adatanserin
- Agomelatine
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine)
- Captodiame
- CEPC
- Cinanserin
- Cyproheptadine
- Deramciclane
- Dotarizine
- Eltoprazine
- Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole)
- Etoperidone
- Fluoxetine
- FR-260010
- Irindalone
- Ketanserin
- Ketotifen
- Latrepirdine (dimebolin)
- Medifoxamine
- Metitepine (methiothepin)
- Nefazodone
- Pirenperone
- Pizotifen
- Propranolol
- Ritanserin
- RS-102221
- S-14671
- SB-200646
- SB-206553
- SB-221284
- SB-228357
- SB-242084
- SB-243213
- SDZ SER-082
- Tedatioxetine
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)
- TIK-301
- Trazodone
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline)
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine)
- Xylamidine
|
- Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz
- Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine))
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5-HT3 |
- Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol, trichloroethanol)
- m-CPBG
- Phenylbiguanide
- Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine)
- RS-56812
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- SR-57227
- SR-57227A
- Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ))
- Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane)
- YM-31636
|
- Antagonists: Alosetron
- AS-8112
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine)
- Azasetron
- Batanopride
- Bemesetron (MDL-72222)
- Bupropion
- Cilansetron
- CSP-2503
- Dazopride
- Dolasetron
- Galanolactone
- Granisetron
- Hydroxybupropion
- ICS-205930
- Lerisetron
- Memantine
- Ondansetron
- Palonosetron
- Ramosetron
- Renzapride
- Ricasetron
- Tedatioxetine
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine)
- Thujone
- Tropanserin
- Tropisetron
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine)
- Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon)
- Vortioxetine
- Zacopride
- Zatosetron
|
- Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857
- Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)
|
|
| 5-HT4 |
- Agonists: 5-MT
- BIMU8
- Capeserod
- Cinitapride
- Cisapride
- CJ-033466
- Dazopride
- Metoclopramide
- Mosapride
- Prucalopride
- PRX-03140
- Renzapride
- RS-67333
- RS-67506
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Tegaserod
- Velusetrag
- Zacopride
|
- Antagonists: GR-113808
- GR-125487
- L-Lysine
- Piboserod
- RS-39604
- RS-67532
- SB-203186
- SB-204070
|
|
| 5-HT5A |
- Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD)
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT)
- Valerenic Acid
|
- Antagonists: Asenapine
- Latrepirdine (dimebolin)
- Metitepine (methiothepin)
- Ritanserin
- SB-699551
- Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide)
- Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)
|
|
| 5-HT6 |
- Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide)
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, tryptamine)
- WAY-181187
- WAY-208466
|
- Antagonists: ABT-354
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone)
- AVN-101
- AVN-211
- AVN-322
- AVN-397
- BGC20-760
- BVT-5182
- BVT-74316
- Cerlapirdine
- EGIS-12233
- GW-742457
- Idalopirdine
- Ketanserin
- Latrepirdine (dimebolin)
- Metitepine (methiothepin)
- MS-245
- PRX-07034
- Ritanserin
- Ro 04-6790
- Ro 63-0563
- SB-258585
- SB-271046
- SB-357134
- SB-399885
- SB-742457
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin)
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline)
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine)
|
- Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide)
- Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)
|
|
| 5-HT7 |
- Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT
- AS-19
- Bifeprunox
- E-55888
- Ergolines (e.g., LSD)
- LP-12
- LP-44
- RU-24969
- Sarizotan
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan)
- Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT)
|
- Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine)
- Butaclamol
- DR-4485
- EGIS-12233
- Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole)
- JNJ-18038683
- Ketanserin
- LY-215840
- Metitepine (methiothepin)
- Ritanserin
- SB-258719
- SB-258741
- SB-269970
- SB-656104
- SB-656104A
- SB-691673
- SLV-313
- SLV-314
- Spiperone
- SSR-181507
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine)
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide)
- Vortioxetine
|
- Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide)
- Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)
|
|
|
|
- See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
- Adrenergics
- Dopaminergics
- Melatonergics
- Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
- Monoamine releasing agents
- Monoamine metabolism modulators
- Monoamine neurotoxins
|
| Authority control |
- GND: 4128384-3
- NDL: 00570044
|