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the presence of excessive protein (chiefly albumin but also globulin) in the urine; usually a symptom of kidney disorder (同)proteinuria

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/18 10:21:14」(JST)

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Albuminuria is a pathological condition wherein albumin is present in the urine. It is a type of proteinuria.

Symptoms

Heavy whitish foam in urine. Swelling of the ankles, hands, belly or the face may occur.

Measurement

The amount of protein being lost in the urine can be quantified by collecting the urine for 24 hours, measuring a sample of the pooled urine, and extrapolating to the volume collected.

Also a urine dipstick test for proteinuria can give a rough estimate of albuminuria. This is because Albumin is by far the dominant plasma protein, and bromphenol blue the agent used in the dipstick is specific to albumin.

Causes

The kidneys normally do not filter large molecules into the urine, so albuminuria can be an indicator of damage to the kidneys or excessive salt intake. It can also occur in patients with long-standing diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes.

Causes of albuminuria can be discriminated between by the amount of protein excreted.

The nephrotic syndrome usually results in the excretion of about 3.0 to 3.5 grams per 24 hours.
Nephritic syndrome results in far less albuminuria.
Microalbuminuria (between 30 and 300 mg/24h,^[1] mg/l of urine^[2] or µg/mg of creatinine^[3]) can be a forerunner of diabetic nephropathy.

Treatment

Though there is some evidence that dietary interventions (to lower red meat intake) can be helpful in lowering albuminuria levels,^[4] there is currently no evidence that low protein interventions correlate to improvement in kidney function.^[5]

References

^ Page 291 in: Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. ISBN 978-1-58528-180-0. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
^ Person—microalbumin level (measured) at Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 01/03/2005
^ [1] Justesen, T.; Petersen, J.; Ekbom, P.; Damm, P.; Mathiesen, E. (2006). "Albumin-to-creatinine ratio in random urine samples might replace 24-h urine collections in screening for micro- and macroalbuminuria in pregnant woman with type 1 diabetes". Diabetes Care 29 (4): 924–925. doi:10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc06-1555. PMID 16567839. edit
^ de Mello, V. D. F. et al. "Withdrawal of red meat from the usual diet reduces albuminuria and improves serum fatty acid profile in type 2 diabetes patients with macroalbuminuria." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83.5 (2006): 1032.
^ Pan Yu et al. "Low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88 (2008): 660-666.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 2型糖尿病における、中等度に増加したアルブミン尿（微量アルブミン尿） moderately increased albuminuria microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus
2. 成人における尿蛋白排泄量の評価および非ネフローゼ域蛋白尿のみの評価 assessment of urinary protein excretion and evaluation of isolated non nephrotic proteinuria in adults
3. 微量アルブミン尿および心血管疾患 moderately increased albuminuria microalbuminuria and cardiovascular disease
4. 1型糖尿病における尿中アルブミンの中等度の上昇（微量アルブミン尿） moderately increased albuminuria microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes mellitus
5. 重症蛋白尿およびネフローゼ症候群の概要 overview of heavy proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome

English Journal

Prognostic Value of Albuminuria on Cardiovascular Outcomes After Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Kunimura A1, Ishii H2, Uetani T3, Harada K3, Kataoka T3, Takeshita M3, Harada K2, Okumura S3, Shinoda N3, Kato B3, Kato M3, Suzuki S2, Amano T4, Murohara T2.
The American journal of cardiology.Am J Cardiol.2016 Mar 1;117(5):714-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.11.054. Epub 2015 Dec 12.
Albuminuria is the most widely evaluated marker of kidney damage. Many previous studies have demonstrated an association between the presence of albuminuria and increased cardiovascular events. However, there are limited data regarding the impact of albuminuria in patients requiring coronary revascu
PMID 26772442

Increased Oxidative DNA Damage in Placenta Contributes to Cadmium-Induced Preeclamptic Conditions in Rat.

Zhang X1, Xu Z2, Lin F1, Wang F2, Ye D3, Huang Y4.
Biological trace element research.Biol Trace Elem Res.2016 Mar;170(1):119-27. doi: 10.1007/s12011-015-0438-9. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
To explore the possible mechanisms of cadmium (Cd)-induced preeclamptic conditions in rats. In the present study, we introduced the in vivo model of preeclampsia by giving intraperitoneal injections of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) to pregnant rats from gestational day (GD) 4 to 19. Maternal body weights
PMID 26194818

Cadmium or cadmium compounds and chronic kidney disease in workers and the general population: a systematic review.

Byber K1, Lison D2, Verougstraete V2,3, Dressel H1, Hotz P1,2.
Critical reviews in toxicology.Crit Rev Toxicol.2016 Mar;46(3):191-240. doi: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1076375. Epub 2015 Oct 29.
BACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) is abundantly documented as a metal mainly affecting tubular function both in workers and in the general population indirectly exposed via the environment. Results from epidemiological studies linking Cd exposure and risk of progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) are, h
PMID 26513605

Japanese Journal

肥満と慢性腎臓病 (特集肥満と循環器病)

柏原直樹,庵谷千恵子,桑原篤憲
循環器内科 = Cardioangiology 77(6), 536-542, 2015-06
NAID 40020522113

腎症 (特集患者中心医療のための糖尿病患者評価 : 合併症)

荒木信一
内分泌・糖尿病・代謝内科 40(2), 85-91, 2015-02
NAID 40020387453

ONO-1301, a Sustained-Release Prostacyclin Analog, Ameliorates the Renal Alterations in a Mouse Type 2 Diabetes Model Possibly Through Its Protective Effects on Mesangial Cells

Watatani Hiroyuki,Yamasaki Hiroko,Maeshima Yohei,Nasu Tatsuyo,Hinamoto Norikazu,Ujike Haruyo,Sugiyama Hitoshi,Sakai Yoshiki,Tanabe Katsuyuki,Makino Hirofumi
Acta Medica Okayama 69(1), 1-15, 2015-02
… The subcutaneous injection of SR-ONO (3mg/kg) every 3 wks did not affect the obesity or hyperglycemia in the db/db obese mice used as a model of type 2 diabetes, but it significantly ameliorated their albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular accumulation of type IV collagen, and monocyte/macrophage infiltration, and also the increase of TGF-β1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and MCP-1 compared to vehicle treatment. …
NAID 120005549937