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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/08 03:12:59」(JST)

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Monocyte under a light microscope (40x) from a peripheral blood smear surrounded by red blood cells.

Agranulocytes, also known as mononuclear leukocytes, are white blood cells with a one-lobed nucleus. They are characterised by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm, which distinguishes them from granulocytes. Normal hematologic blood values of MLs are about 35% of all white blood cells. The 2 types of agranulocytes in the blood circulation are lymphocytes and monocytes. A third type of agranulocyte, the macrophage, is formed in the tissue when monocytes leave the circulation and differentiate into macrophages.

Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system, and include natural killer T-cells. The blood has three types of lymphocytes: B cells, T cells and natural killer cells (NK cells). B cells make antibodies that bind to pathogens to enable their destruction. CD4+ (helper) T cells co-ordinate the immune response (they are what becomes defective in an HIV infection). CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells and natural killer cells are able to kill cells of the body that are infected by a virus. T cells are crucial to the immune response because they possess a unique 'memory' system which allows them to remember past invaders and prevent disease when a similar invader is encountered again.

Reference ranges for blood tests of white blood cells, comparing mononuclear leukocytes amount (shown in yellow) with other cells.

Monocytes share the "vacuum cleaner" (phagocytosis) function of neutrophils, but are much longer lived as they have an additional role: they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed, or so that an antibody response may be mounted. Monocytes are also known as macrophages after they migrate from the bloodstream and enter tissue.

Other white blood cells which are not agranulocytes are mainly the granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.

Additional images

Blood cell lineage

References

English Journal

C7: A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide that induces protective immune response against megalocytivirus in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) via toll-like receptor 9-mediated signaling pathway.

Zhou ZX1, Zhang J2, Sun L3.Author information 1Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.2Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.3Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China. Electronic address: lsun@qdio.ac.cn.AbstractMegalocytivirus is the causative agent of severe disease outbreaks in farmed fish. Currently there is no effective control against megalocytivirus in aquaculture. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs are known to possess marked immunostimulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the potentials of ten CpG ODNs as antiviral agents in a model of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). We found that, when administered into flounder, three of the ten CpG ODNs inhibited viral replication in kidney, spleen, and liver. ODN C7, which exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity, was able to promote proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes and enhance activation of head kidney mononuclear adherent phagocytes. When the expression of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was knocked down in vivo by small interfering RNA, C7-mediated immune response and antiviral activity were significantly blocked. Moreover, when C7 was co-administered with pCN86, a DNA vaccine against megalocytivirus, a significant increase in vaccine-induced protection was observed compared to administration with pCN86 alone. Further analysis showed that compared to fish immunized with pCN86, fish immunized with pCN86 plus C7 exhibited significantly upregulated expression of a wide range of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Taken together, these results indicate that ODN C7 activates TLR9-mediated immune response and possesses antiviral and adjuvant potentials that may be exploited for the control of megalocytivirus infection in farmed flounder.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 May;44(1):124-32. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.002. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
Megalocytivirus is the causative agent of severe disease outbreaks in farmed fish. Currently there is no effective control against megalocytivirus in aquaculture. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs are known to possess marked immunostimulatory properties. In th
PMID 24333437

Development of a mouse model mimicking key aspects of a viral asthma exacerbation.

Clarke DL, Davis NH, Majithiya JB, Piper SC, Lewis A, Sleeman MA, Corkill DJ, May RD.Author information *Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K.AbstractViral respiratory tract infections are known triggers of asthma exacerbations in both adults and children. The current standard of care, inhaled CS (corticosteroids) and LABAs (long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists), fails to prevent the loss of control that manifests as an exacerbation. In order to better understand the mechanisms underlying viral asthma exacerbations we established an in vivo model using the clinically relevant aeroallergen HDM (house dust mite) and the viral mimetic/TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) agonist poly(I:C). Poly(I:C) alone induced a similar neutrophilic inflammatory profile in the BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) to that of HRV1b (human rhinovirus 1b) alone, accompanied by both elevated BAL KC (keratinocyte-derived chemokine) and IL-1β (interleukin-1β). When mice allergic to HDM were also challenged with poly(I:C) the neutrophilic inflammatory profile was exacerbated. Increased CD8(+) T-cell numbers, increased CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell activation and elevated KC and IL-1β were observed. No increases in Th2 cytokines or the eosinophil chemoattractant CCL11 [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11], above those induced by HDM alone, were observed. The poly(I:C)-exacerbated neutrophilia did not translate into changes in AHR (airways hyper-responsiveness), indicating that in this model inflammation and AHR are two mechanistically independent events. To test the clinical relevance of this model CS sensitivity was assessed using prednisone, a synthetic oral CS used to manage exacerbations in asthmatic patients already on maximal doses of inhaled CS. The increased neutrophils, and accompanying cytokines/chemokines KC and IL-1β induced by poly(I:C) challenge of HDM-sensitized and challenged mice were insensitive to oral prednisone therapy. In summary we have described a CS-resistant mouse model mimicking the key aspects of viral asthma exacerbation using the clinically relevant aeroallergen HDM and the viral mimic poly(I:C). This model may provide better understanding of disease mechanisms underlying viral exacerbations and could be used to build early confidence in novel therapeutic axes targeting viral asthma exacerbations in Th2 asthmatics.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Apr;126(8):567-80. doi: 10.1042/CS20130149.
Viral respiratory tract infections are known triggers of asthma exacerbations in both adults and children. The current standard of care, inhaled CS (corticosteroids) and LABAs (long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists), fails to prevent the loss of control that manifests as an exacerbation. In order to
PMID 24152048

Japanese Journal

イケチョウガイの血リンパ細胞について(創刊30周年記念号)

東怜
滋賀大学教育学部紀要. 自然科学 30, 57-62, 1980
… The　agranulocyte　was　eitherspherical　or　discoid　shape　and　had　no　visible　cytoplasmic　granules　in　living　preparation. …
NAID 110004499847

イケチョウガイの血リンパ細胞について

東怜
滋賀大学教育学部湖沼実習施設論文集 19, 39-44, 1980
… The hemocytes of freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis schlegelii were of three types : an agranulocyte, a coarse granulocyte and fine granulocyte. … The agranulocyte was either spherical or discoid shape and had no visible cytoplasmic granules in living preparation. …
NAID 110001043121