WordNet

any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose motion
the capacity of an organism to defend itself against harmful environmental agents; "these trees are widely planted because of their resistance to salt and smog"
the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with; "he encountered a general feeling of resistance from many citizens"; "despite opposition from the newspapers he went ahead" (同)opposition
(psychiatry) an unwillingness to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness
group action in opposition to those in power
the military action of resisting the enemys advance; "the enemy offered little resistance"
the degree of unresponsiveness of a disease-causing microorganism to antibiotics or other drugs (as in penicillin-resistant bacteria)
erosion by friction (同)attrition, corrasion, detrition
an abraded area where the skin is torn or worn off (同)scratch, scrape, excoriation

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉(…に)『抵抗』(『反抗』)『すること』;(…を)『こらえること』《+『to』(『against』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(病気などに対する)『抵抗力』《+『against』(『to』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(またresistance movement)(権力・圧制に対する)抵抗運動,レジスタンス / 〈U〉(空気の)抵抗;(電気の)抵抗
〈C〉すり傷 / 〈U〉すりむくこと,摩滅

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/17 11:49:35」(JST)

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Abrasion is the process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away. It can be intentionally imposed in a controlled process using an abrasive. Abrasion can be an undesirable effect of exposure to normal use or exposure to the elements.

Abrasion in stone shaping[edit]

Ancient artists working in stone would use abrasion to create sculptures. The artist selected dense stones like carbonite and emory and rub them consistently against comparatively softer stones like limestone or granite. The artist would use different sizes and shapes of abrasives, or turn them in various ways as they rubbed, to create effects on the softer stone's surface. Water would be continuously poured over the surface to carry away particles. Abrasive technique in stone shaping was a long, tedious process that, with patience, resulted in eternal works of art in stone.

Models[edit]

The Archard equation is a simple model used to describe sliding wear and is based around the theory of asperity contact.

Abrasion resistance[edit]

The resistance of materials and structures to abrasion can be measured by a variety of test methods.^[1] These often use a specified abrasive or other controlled means of abrasion. Under the conditions of the test, the results can be reported or can be compared items subjected to similar tests.

Such standardized measurements can produce two quantities: abrasion rate and normalized abrasion rate (also called abrasion resistance index). The former is the amount of mass lost per 1000 cycles of abrasion. The latter is the ratio of former with the known abrasion rate for some specific reference material.^[2]

One type of instrument used to get the quantities abrasion rate and normalized abrasion rate, is the abrasion scrub tester. This instrument is made up of a mechanical arm, liquid pump, and programmable electronics. The machine draws the mechanical arm with attached brush (or sandpaper, sponge, etc.) over the surface of the material that is being tested. The operator sets a pre-programmed number of passes for a repeatable and controlled result. The liquid pump can provide detergent or other liquids to the mechanical arm during testing to simulate washing and other normal uses.^[3]

The use of proper lubricants can help control abrasion in some instances. Some items can be covered with an abrasion resistant material. Controlling the cause of abrasion is sometimes an option.

Standards[edit]

ASTM[edit]

ASTM B611 Test Method for Abrasive Wear Resistance of Cemented Carbides
ASTM C131 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
ASTM C448 Standard Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Porcelain Enamels
ASTM C535 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
ASTM C944 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete or Mortar Surfaces by the Rotating-Cutter Method
ASTM C1027 Standard Test Method for Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile
ASTM C1353 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform, Double-Head Abraser
ASTM D968 Standard Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by Falling Abrasive
ASTM D1630 Standard Test Method for Rubber Property — Abrasion Resistance (Footwear Abrader)
ASTM D 2228 Standard Test Method for Rubber Property - Relative Abrasion Resistance by the Pico Abrader Method
ASTM D3389 Standard Test Method for Coated Fabrics Abrasion Resistance (Rotary Platform Abrader)
ASTM D4060 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
ASTM D4158 Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
ASTM D4966 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
ASTM D5181 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Printed Matter by the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester
ASTM D5264 Standard Practice for Abrasion Resistance of Printed Materials by the Sutherland Rub Tester
ASTM D5963 Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Abrasion Resistance (Rotary Drum Abrader)
ASTM D6279 Standard Test Method for Rub Abrasion Mar Resistance of High Gloss Coatings
ASTM D7428 Standard Test Method for Resistance of Fine Aggregate to Degradation by Abrasion in the Micro-Deval Apparatus
ASTM F1486 Standard Practice for Determination of Abrasion and Smudge Resistance of Images Produced from Office Products
ASTM G56 Standard Test Method for Abrasiveness of Ink-Impregnated Fabric Printer Ribbons and Other Web Materials
ASTM G65 Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
ASTM G75 Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number)
ASTM G81 Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
ASTM G105 Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests
ASTM G132 Standard Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testing
ASTM G171 Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus
ASTM G174 Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Materials by Abrasive Loop Contact

DIN[edit]

DIN 53516 Testing of Rubber and Elastomers; Determination of Abrasion Resistance

ISO[edit]

ISO 4649 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic -- Determination of abrasion resistance using a rotating cylindrical drum device
ISO 9352 Plastics -- Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels
ISO 28080 Hardmetals -- Abrasion tests for hardmetals
ISO 23794 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic -- Abrasion testing -- Guidance
ISO 21988:2006 Abrasion-resistant cast irons. Classification
ISO 28080:2011 Hardmetals. Abrasion tests for hardmetals
ISO 16282:2008 Methods of test for dense shaped refractory products. Determination of resistance to abrasion at ambient temperature

JSA[edit]

JIS A 1121 Method of test for resistance to abrasion of coarse aggregate by use of the Los Angeles machine
JIS A 1452 Method of abrasion test for building materials and part of building construction (falling sand method)
JIS A 1453 Method of abrasion test for building materials and part of building construction (abrasive-paper method)
JIS A 1509-5 Test methods for ceramic tiles -- Part 5: Determination of resistance to deep abrasion for unglazed floor tiles
JIS A 1509-6 Test methods for ceramic tiles -- Part 6: Determination of resistance to surface abrasion for glazed floor tiles
JIS C 60068-2 Environmental testing -- Part 2: Tests -- Test Xb: Abrasion of markings and letterings caused by rubbing of fingers and hands
JIS H 8682-1 Test methods for abrasion resistance of anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 1: Wheel wear test
JIS H 8682-2 Test methods for abrasion resistance of anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 2: Abrasive jet test
JIS H 8682-3 Test methods for abrasion resistance of anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part 3: Sand-falling abrasion resistance test
JIS K 5600-5-8 Testing methods for paints -- Part 5: Mechanical property of film -- Section 8: Abrasion resistance (Rotating abrasive-paper-covered wheel method)
JIS K 7204 Plastics -- Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels

References[edit]

^ http://www.ardl.com/Public/Services/Physical/abrasionPOP.html
^ S. Grynko, "Material Properties Explained" (2012), ISBN 1-4700-7991-7, p. 2.
^ https://www.byk.com/en/instruments/products/dry-coatings/abrasion-testers.html

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English Journal

User-reported abrasion-related lead failure is more common with durata compared to other implantable cardiac defibrillator leads.

Shah AD1, Hirsh DS1, Langberg JJ2.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society.Heart Rhythm.2015 Dec;12(12):2376-80. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.07.013. Epub 2015 Jul 9.
BACKGROUND: Following increased rates of inside-out abrasion with the St Jude Medical Riata lead, the Durata implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) lead was introduced with modifications intended to increase abrasion resistance. Recent case reports have described insulation failures of the Durata.O
PMID 26165944

Robust Superhydrophobic Foam: A Graphdiyne-Based Hierarchical Architecture for Oil/Water Separation.

Gao X1, Zhou J1,2, Du R1, Xie Z1, Deng S1, Liu R1,2, Liu Z1, Zhang J1.
Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.).Adv Mater.2015 Nov 9. doi: 10.1002/adma.201504407. [Epub ahead of print]
Robust superhydrophobic foam is fabricated by combining an ordered graphdiyne-based hierarchical structure with a low-surface-energy coating. This foam shows not only superhydrophobicity both in air (≈160.1°) and in oil (≈171.0°), but also high resistance toward abrasion cycles. Owing to its 3
PMID 26551876

Effects of Fluoroquinolone-Based Antibacterial Ophthalmic Solutions on Corneal Wound Healing.

Fukuda M1, Sasaki H1.
Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics.J Ocul Pharmacol Ther.2015 Nov;31(9):536-40. doi: 10.1089/jop.2014.0118. Epub 2015 Jul 17.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of fluoroquinolone-based antibacterial ophthalmic solutions on cell proliferation in vitro and corneal wound healing in vivo.METHODS: Staten's Serum institute rabbit corneal cells were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline, 1.5% and 0.5% levofloxacin, 0.5% moxifloxaci
PMID 26186125