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(Norse mythology) god of war and strife and son of Odin; identified with Anglo-Saxon Tiu (同)Tyrr
the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)t

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tritiumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/27 23:52:27」(JST)

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「Tyr」はこの項目へ転送されています。軍神については「テュール」を、フェロー諸島のヴァイキングメタルバンドについては「ティア (バンド)」をご覧ください。

チロシン（tyrosine、英語発音: /ˈtaiərəˌsiːn/ タイアラスィーン）または、4-ヒドロキシフェニルアラニン (4-hydroxyphenylalanine) は、細胞でのタンパク質生合成に使われる22のアミノ酸のうちの一つ。略号は Tyr または Y^[1]。コドンはUACとUAU。極性基を有する必須アミノ酸である。tyrosineはギリシア語でチーズを意味するtyriに由来し、1846年にドイツ人化学者のユストゥス・フォン・リービッヒがチーズのカゼインから発見した^[2]^[3]。官能基または側鎖のときはチロシル基と呼ばれる。

概要[編集]

タンパク質を構成するアミノ酸。極性無電荷側鎖アミノ酸あるいは芳香族アミノ酸に分類される。糖原性・ケト原性を持つ。

ヒドロキシ基の位置が異なる3種類の異性体、パラ-Tyr (p-Tyr)、メタ-Tyr (m-Tyr)、オルト-Tyr (o-Tyr) が存在するが、フェニルアラニンヒドロキシラーゼによる酵素反応で合成されるのは p-Tyr のみである。他の2つの異性体は酸化的ストレスが高い場合にヒドロキシルラジカルの攻撃によって生成する。チロシンは酵素チロシンヒドロキシラーゼによってドーパに変換される。

プロテインキナーゼの作用でリン酸基による修飾を受け、ある種の酵素の機能や活性を変化させるため、シグナル伝達で重要な役割を果たしている。リン酸化されたチロシンはフォスフォチロシンと呼ばれる。また、チロシンは甲状腺ホルモンのチロキシン、トリヨードチロニンやメラニン色素、生理活性なカテコールアミンであるドーパミン、ノルエピネフリン、エピネフリンの前駆体である。

ケシがモルフィンを生産する際にも用いられている。

また、りんごを変色させる原因となる物質としても知られている。タケノコの水煮では、節の中に、しばしば白く析出したチロシンが見られる。納豆では長く発酵させると、大豆タンパク質の分解が進み水に溶けにくいチロシンが豆の表面にプツプツと現れる。食感もジャリジャリとした感じになる。この状態を納豆業界では「チロっている」と呼んでいる。ギリシャ語でチーズを表すのtyriからチロシンは命名されたが、パルミジャーノ・レッジャーノ（パルメザンチーズ）という長期熟成のチーズではチロシンの析出が観察できる。たべたときにはジャリッとした食感となる。

生合成[編集]

動物ではフェニルアラニンよりフェニルアラニン-4-モノオキシゲナーゼ (EC 1.14.16.1) と補酵素テトラヒドロビオプテリン (tetrahydrobiopterin) の作用により合成されるが、これにはフェニルアラニンが豊富に存在する必要がある。フェニルアラニン-4-モノオキシゲナーゼ遺伝子の欠損は、フェニルケトン尿症の原因となっている。

EC 1.14.16.1　L-Phe + テトラヒドロビオプテリン + O₂ → L-Tyr + 4a-ヒドロキシテトラヒドロビオプテリン

植物や多くの微生物はシキミ酸経路によってプレフェン酸を経て合成を行う。プレフェン酸はヒドロキシ基を残したまま酸化的脱炭酸によって p-ヒドロキシフェニルピルビン酸となる。これがさらにグルタミン酸を窒素源としたアミノ基転移を受け、チロシンが生成する。

代謝[編集]

フェニルアラニンとチロシンの生物学的に重要な誘導体への変換過程

分解[編集]

チロシンのアセト酢酸とフマル酸への分解過程。2つのジオキシゲナーゼははこの分解過程に不可欠である。最終生成物はクエン酸回路に入ることができる。

サプリメント利用[編集]

チロシンは、大量に飲用した場合は約２時間後に血中チロシン濃度のピークに達し７時間持続する。^[4]

神経伝達物質の前駆物質であり、血漿中のノルアドレナリンやドパミンのレベルを増加させる。しかし気分に与える影響は殆ど無い。

冷水ストレスにさらしたラットの攻撃性を正常レベルにもどしたり、ヒトではストレス条件下の気分や認識作用の改善がみられた。^[4]

睡眠不足状態で、覚醒３時間後の精神活動検査において持続時間が延長したという記録がある。^[5]

成人におけるADHD(注意欠陥多動性障害)では、チロシン摂取により一時的に改善が見られる場合がある。^[5]

チロシンには毒性がなく、有害事例の報告はない。一日に体重1kgあたり150mgで３ヶ月間で安全とされている。経口摂取の副作用としては吐き気、頭痛、疲労、胸焼け、関節痛など。（これらは成人について。小児、妊婦についての安全性はまだ報告されていない。）^[4]

出典[編集]

^ IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1983年). “Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides”. Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology. 2007年5月17日閲覧。
^ “Tyrosine”. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Infoplease.com — Columbia University Press (2007年). 2008年4月20日閲覧。
^ Douglas Harper (2001年). “Tyrosine”. Online Etymology Dictionary. 2008年4月20日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b ^c エビデンスに基づくハーブ&サプリメント事典 ISBN 4524239650
^ ^a ^b 機能性食品素材便覧—特定保健用食品からサプリメント・健康食品まで ISBN 4840807825

外部リンク[編集]

チロシン - 「健康食品」の安全性・有効性情報（国立健康・栄養研究所）

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Tyr" and "Tiwaz" redirect here. For the Anatolian sun-god, see Istanu. For the rune, see Tiwaz rune. For other uses, see Tyr (disambiguation).

"Týr" by Lorenz Frølich (1895).

Týr (/ˈtɪər/;^[1] Old Norse: Týr [tyːr]) is a god associated with law and heroic glory in Norse mythology, portrayed as one-handed. Corresponding names in other Germanic languages are Gothic Teiws, Old English Tīw and Old High German Ziu and Cyo, all from Proto-Germanic *Tîwaz (*Tē₂waz). The Latinised name is Tius or Tio.^[2]

In the late Icelandic Eddas, Tyr is portrayed, alternately, as the son of Odin (Prose Edda) or of Hymir (Poetic Edda), while the origins of his name and his possible relationship to Tuisto (see Tacitus' Germania) suggest he was once considered the father of the gods and head of the pantheon, since his name is ultimately cognate to that of *Dyeus (cf. Dyaus), the reconstructed chief deity in Indo-European religion. It is assumed that Tîwaz was overtaken in popularity and in authority by both Odin and Thor at some point during the Migration Age, as Odin shares his role as God of war.

Tiw was equated with Mars in the interpretatio germanica. Tuesday is in fact "Tīw's Day" (also in Alemannic Zischtig from zîes tag), translating dies Martis.

Name[edit]

Further information: Dyeus

Old Norse Týr, literally "god", plural tívar "gods", comes from Proto-Germanic *Tē₂waz (cf. Old English Tīw, Old High German Zīo), which continues Proto-Indo-European *deiwós "celestial being, god" (cf. Welsh duw, Latin deus, Lithuanian diẽvas, Sanskrit dēvá, Avestan daēvō "demon"). And *deiwós is based in *dei-, *deyā-, *dīdyā-, meaning 'to shine'.^[3]

The earliest attestation for Týr's continental counterpart occurs in Gothic tyz "the t-rune" (𐍄) in the 9th-century Codex Vindobonensis 795.^[4] The name is later attested in Old High German as Cyo in the A Wessobrunn prayer ms. of 814. The Negau helmet inscription (2nd century b.c.) may actually record the earliest form, teiva, but this interpretation is tentative.

Týr in origin was a generic noun meaning "god", e.g. Hangatyr, literally, the "god of the hanged", as one of Odin's names, which was probably inherited from Tyr in his role as god of justice.^{[citation needed]} The name continues on as Norwegian Ty, Swedish Tyr, Danish Tyr, while it remains Týr in Modern Icelandic and Faroese.

West Germanic Ziu/Tiw/Tiwaz[edit]

A gloss to the Wessobrunn prayer names the Alamanni Cyowari (worshipers of Cyo) and their capital Augsburg Ciesburc.^[5]

The Excerptum ex Gallica Historia of Ursberg (ca. 1135) records a dea Ciza as the patron goddess of Augsburg. According to this account, Cisaria was founded by Swabian tribes as a defence against Roman incursions. This Zisa would be the female consort of Ziu, as Dione was of Zeus.

The name of Mars Thingsus (Thincsus) is found in an inscription on an 3rd-century altar from the Roman fort and settlement of Vercovicium at Housesteads in Northumberland, thought to have been erected by Frisian mercenaries stationed at Hadrian's Wall. It is interpreted as "Mars of the Thing".^[6] Here is also worth noting what Tacitus stated in his work Germania about capital punishment amongst the Germanic folk; that none could be flogged, imprisoned or executed, not even on order of the warlord, without the consent of the priest; who was himself required to render his judgement in accordance with the will of the god they believe inspires them to the field of battle.^[7]

Tacitus also named the German "Mars" as the primary deity, along with the German "Mercury" (believed to be Odin), Hercules (believed to be Thor) and "Isis". In the text however, Hercules is the one to be mentioned the most often. Depending on translation, "Mercury" is stated to be the chiefly worshipped god but other translation does not provide any sort of hierchy among the gods. Tactius states that "Mars" and "Hercules" receive animal sacrifices while "Mercury" receives human sacrifices.^[8]^[9]

In the Old English Rune Poem, the rune that is otherwise named for Tiw in the other rune poems (Abecedarium Nordmanicum, Old Norwegian Rune Rhyme, Old Icelandic Rune Poem), is called tir, meaning "glory". This rune was inscribed on more Anglo-Saxon cremation urns than any other symbol.^{[citation needed]}

There is sketchy evidence of a consort, in German named Zisa: Tacitus mentions one Germanic tribe who worshipped "Isis", and Jacob Grimm pointed to Cisa/Zisa, the patroness of Augsburg, in this connection. The name Zisa could be derived from Ziu etymologically.

North Germanic Tyr[edit]

An early depiction of Tyr is found on the IK 190 bracteate found near Trollhättan, Sweden. The figure is shown with long hair, holding a sceptre in his left hand, and with a wolf biting his right.^[10]

Tyr sacrifices his arm to Fenrir in a 1911 illustration by John Bauer.

According to the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, at one stage the gods decided to shackle the Fenris wolf (Fenrir), but the beast broke every chain they put upon him. Eventually they had the dwarves make them a magical ribbon called Gleipnir. It appeared to be only a silken ribbon but was made of six wondrous ingredients: the sound of a cat's footfall, the beard of a woman, the roots of a mountain, bear's sinews (meaning nerves, sensibility), fish's breath and bird's spittle. The creation of Gleipnir is said to be the reason why none of the above exist.^[11] Fenrir sensed the gods' deceit and refused to be bound with it unless one of them put his hand in the wolf's mouth.

Tyr, known for his great wisdom and courage, agreed, and the other gods bound the wolf. After Fenrir had been bound by the gods, he struggled to try to break the rope. Fenrir could not break the ribbon and enraged, bit Tyr's right hand off. When the gods saw that Fenrir was bound they all rejoiced, except Tyr. Fenrir will remain bound until the day of Ragnarök. As a result of this deed, Tyr is called the "Leavings of the Wolf"; which is to be understood as a poetic kenning for glory. After a heartbreaking battle (of Ragnarök) Fenrir swallowed Odin the All-father, whole.

Tyr appears in the Eddic Poem Hymiskviða.

According to the Prose version of Ragnarok, Tyr is destined to kill and be killed by Garm, the guard dog of Hel. However, in the two poetic versions of Ragnarok, he goes unmentioned; unless one believes that he is the "Mighty One".

In Lokasenna, Tyr is taunted with cuckoldry by Loki, maybe another hint that he had a consort or wife at one time.

In the Hymskvidha, Tyr's father is named as the etin Hymir – the term "Hymir's kin" was used a kenning for etinkind – while his mother goes unnamed, but is otherwise described in terms that befit a goddess. This myth also pairs Tyr with Thor, and draws a comparison between their strength via the lifting of Hymir's cauldron. Thor proves the stronger, but other than Thor's own son, Magni, Tyr is the only deity whose strength is ever questioned in comparison to the Thunderer's.

Tiwaz rune[edit]

The *Tiwaz rune is associated with Tyr.

Main article: Tiwaz rune

The t-rune ᛏ is named after Tyr, and was identified with this god; the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is *Tîwaz. The rune is sometimes also referred to as *Teiwaz, or spelling variants.

The rune was also compared with Mars as in the Icelandic rune poem:

ᛏ Týr er einhendr áss
ok ulfs leifar
ok hofa hilmir.
Mars tiggi.

Tyr is a one-handed god,
and leavings of the wolf
and prince of temples.

Lexical traces[edit]

In the sphere of organized warfare, Tyr/Tiw had become relatively unimportant compared to Odin/Woden in both North and West Germanic by the close of the Migration Age. Traces of the god remain, however, in Tuesday (Old English tíwesdæg "Tiw's day"; Old Frisian tîesdei, Old High German zîestag, Alemannic and Swabian dialect in south west Germany (today) Zieschdig/Zeischdig, Old Norse týsdagr), named after Tyr in both the North and the West Germanic languages (corresponding to Martis dies, dedicated to the Roman god of war and the father-god of Rome, Mars) and also in the names of some plants: Old Norse Týsfiola (after the Latin Viola Martis), Týrhialm (Aconitum, one of the most poisonous plants in Europe whose helmet-like shape might suggest a warlike connection) and Týviðr, "Tý's wood", Tiveden may also be named after Tyr, or reflecting Tyr as a generic word for "god" (i.e., the forest of the gods). In Norway the parish and municipality of Tysnes are named after the god.

German Dienstag and Dutch dinsdag (Tuesday) might be derived from Mars Thingsus, as mentioned above.

Toponyms[edit]

Týr, depicted here with both hands intact, before the encounter with Fenrir is identified with Mars in this illustration from an 18th-century Icelandic manuscript.

The altar dedicated to Mars Thingsus, erected in the 3rd century in Housesteads, Northumberland.

Dewsbury, England - possibly Tiw's Burg
Tuesley, England - Tiw's Clearing
Tisvilde, Sjælland, Denmark - Tyr's Spring.
Lake Tissø, near Gørlev, Sjælland, Denmark - Tyr's Lake.
Thisted, Jutland, Denmark - Tyr's Stead.
Tyrol / South Tyrol, Austria / Italy. Probably through a combination of Tyr-Odal or Tyr-Ull^[12]
Tyrsted, Jutland, Denmark - Another form of Tyr's Stead.
Tyrseng ("Tyr's Meadow"), Viby, Jutland, Denmark. Once a stretch of meadow near a stream called Dødeå ("Stream of the Dead" or "Dead Stream"), where ballgame courts now exist. Viby contained another theonym; Onsholt ("Odin's Holt") and religious practices associated with Odin and Tyr may have occurred in these places. A spring dedicated to Holy Niels that was likely a Christianization of prior indigenous pagan practice also exists in Viby and the city itself may mean "the settlement by the sacred site". Traces of sacrifices going back 2,500 years have been found in Viby.^[13]
Tiveden, Sweden - Tyr's Woods
Tysnes, Norway - Tyr's Headland

Personal names[edit]

A number of Icelandic male names are derived from Týr. Apart from Týr itself: Angantýr, Bryntýr, Hjálmtýr, Hrafntýr, Sigtýr, Valtýr and Vigtýr. When Týr is used in this way, joined to another name, it takes on a more general meaning of "a god" instead of referring to the god Týr. For example, Hrafntýr "raven-god" and Valtýr "god of the slain" are Old Norse names of Odin.

References[edit]

^ Merriam Webster Online Dictionary: Tyr
^ Adapted from the work of Dr. W. Wägner. By M. W. MacDowall. Asgard and the Gods. The Tales and Traditions of our Northern Ancestors.
^ Klein, E., "deity", Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (Elsevier Publishing, 1966), pp. 417—8.
^ Grimm, Teutonic Mythology
^ Peter Buchholz, Perspectives for Historical Research in Germanic Religion, History of Religions, vol. 8, no. 2 (1968), 127.
^ Vercovicium, the Roman fort and settlement at Housesteads
^ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania
^ http://www.crtpesaro.it/Materiali/Latino/De%20Origine%20Et%20Situ%20Germanorum.php
^ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania
^ Karl Hauck in: Heizmann and Axboe (eds.), Die Goldbrakteaten Der Volkerwanderungszeit: Auswertung Und Neufunde, Walter de Gruyter, 2011, p. 29. Karl Hauck in: Hoops and BeckK (eds.) , Kontinuität und Brüche in der Religionsgeschichte, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, 284-288.
^ Snorri Sturluson. The Prose Edda
^ Horst Pirchl-Hussl, Elmar Stöttner, Ulrich Lamm, Ist der Name Tirol ein Name aus der Völkerwanderungszeit? http://www.dorftirol.com/tirol.htm
^ Damm, Annette. Editor. (2005) Viking Aros, pages 42-45. Moesgård Museum ISBN 87-87334-63-1

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Týr.

Look up Tyr in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Runeberg Projekt − Swedish etymologic Dictonary
Video about the sun phenomenon connected to the Tysnes headland, pre-Christian cult and the sacral place names in the area

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English Journal

Susceptibility of milk protein-derived peptides to dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) hydrolysis.

Nongonierma AB, FitzGerald RJ.Author information Department of Life Sciences and Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.AbstractIn silico digestion of milk protein-derived peptides with gastrointestinal enzyme activities was used to predict the release of peptides with a Pro residue at position 2 from the N terminus. These peptides are known to act as preferred dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) substrates. Five casein-derived synthetic peptides (Ile-Pro-Ile-Gln-Tyr, Leu-Pro-Leu-Pro-Leu, Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Tyr, Leu-Pro-Tyr-Pro-Tyr and Ile-Pro-Ile) and a casein (CasH), whey (WPH) and lactoferrin hydrolysate (LFH) generated with gastrointestinal enzymes were incubated with DPP-IV at 37 °C for 18 or 24h. Peptide breakdown was evident following incubation with DPP-IV. Different modes of DPP-IV inhibition were observed depending on the test compound. Ile-Pro-Ile-Gln-Tyr, Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Tyr and Leu-Pro-Tyr-Pro-Tyr were substrate-, Leu-Pro-Leu-Pro-Leu and CasH were prodrug- while WPH and LFH were true DPP-IV inhibitors. These results are relevant for the bioactivity and bioavailability of functional foods targeting DPP-IV inhibition with potential blood glucose regulatory properties in humans.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Feb 15;145:845-52. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.097. Epub 2013 Sep 4.
In silico digestion of milk protein-derived peptides with gastrointestinal enzyme activities was used to predict the release of peptides with a Pro residue at position 2 from the N terminus. These peptides are known to act as preferred dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) substrates. Five casein-derived
PMID 24128555

Novel Highly Thermostable Endolysin from Thermus scotoductus MAT2119 Bacteriophage Ph2119 with Amino Acid Sequence Similarity to Eukaryotic Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins.

Plotka M, Kaczorowska AK, Stefanska A, Morzywolek A, Fridjonsson OH, Dunin-Horkawicz S, Kozlowski L, Hreggvidsson GO, Kristjansson JK, Dabrowski S, Bujnicki JM, Kaczorowski T.Author information Department of Microbiology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.AbstractIn this study, we present the discovery and characterization of a highly thermostable endolysin from bacteriophage Ph2119 infecting Thermus strain MAT2119 isolated from geothermal areas in Iceland. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene affiliated the strain with the species Thermus scotoductus. Bioinformatics analysis has allowed identification in the genome of phage 2119 of an open reading frame (468 bp in length) coding for a 155-amino-acid basic protein with an Mr of 17,555. Ph2119 endolysin does not resemble any known thermophilic phage lytic enzymes. Instead, it has conserved amino acid residues (His(30), Tyr(58), His(132), and Cys(140)) that form a Zn(2+) binding site characteristic of T3 and T7 lysozymes, as well as eukaryotic peptidoglycan recognition proteins, which directly bind to, but also may destroy, bacterial peptidoglycan. The purified enzyme shows high lytic activity toward thermophiles, i.e., T. scotoductus (100%), Thermus thermophilus (100%), and Thermus flavus (99%), and also, to a lesser extent, toward mesophilic Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli (34%), Serratia marcescens (28%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (13%), and Salmonella enterica serovar Panama (10%). The enzyme has shown no activity against a number of Gram-positive bacteria analyzed, with the exception of Deinococcus radiodurans (25%) and Bacillus cereus (15%). Ph2119 endolysin was found to be highly thermostable: it retains approximately 87% of its lytic activity after 6 h of incubation at 95°C. The optimum temperature range for the enzyme activity is 50°C to 78°C. The enzyme exhibits lytic activity in the pH range of 6 to 10 (maximum at pH 7.5 to 8.0) and is also active in the presence of up to 500 mM NaCl.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2014 Feb;80(3):886-95. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03074-13. Epub 2013 Nov 22.
In this study, we present the discovery and characterization of a highly thermostable endolysin from bacteriophage Ph2119 infecting Thermus strain MAT2119 isolated from geothermal areas in Iceland. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene affiliated the strain with the species Thermus scoto
PMID 24271162

LC-MS/MS characterization of combined glycogenin-1 and glycogenin-2 enzymatic activities reveals their self-glucosylation preferences.

Nilsson J1, Halim A2, Larsson E3, Moslemi AR1, Oldfors A1, Larson G2, Nilsson J4.Author information 1Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.2Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.3Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.4Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: jonas.nilsson@clinchem.gu.se.AbstractGlycogen synthesis is initiated by self-glucosylation of the glycosyltransferases glycogenin-1 and -2 that, in the presence of UDP-glucose, form both the first glucose-O-tyrosine linkage, and then stepwise add a series of α1,4-linked glucoses to a growing chain of variable length. Glycogen-1 and -2 coexist in liver glycogen preparations where the proteins are known to form homodimers, and they also have been shown to interact with each other. In order to study how glycogenin-1 and -2 interactions may influence each other's glucosylations we setup a cell-free expression system for in vitro production and glucosylation of glycogenin-1 and -2 in various combinations, and used a mass spectrometry based workflow for the characterization and quantitation of tryptic glycopeptides originating from glycogenin-1 and -2. The analysis revealed that the self-glucosylation endpoint was the incorporation of 4-8 glucose units on Tyr 195 of glycogenin-1, but only 0-4 glucose units on Tyr-228 of glycogenin-2. The glucosylation of glycogenin-2 was enhanced to 2-4 glucose units by the co-presence of enzymatically active glycogenin-1. Glycogenin-2 was, however, unable to glucosylate inactive glycogenin-1, at least not an enzymatically inactivated Thr83Met glycogenin-1 mutant, recently identified in a patient with severe glycogen depletion.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Feb;1844(2):398-405. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.11.002. Epub 2013 Nov 14.
Glycogen synthesis is initiated by self-glucosylation of the glycosyltransferases glycogenin-1 and -2 that, in the presence of UDP-glucose, form both the first glucose-O-tyrosine linkage, and then stepwise add a series of α1,4-linked glucoses to a growing chain of variable length. Glycogen-1 and -2
PMID 24239874

Japanese Journal

Tyr724 phosphorylation of ELMO1 by Src is involved in cell spreading and migration via Rac1 activation

Makino Yoshinori,Tsuda Masumi,Ohba Yusuke,Nishihara Hiroshi,Sawa Hirofumi,Nagashima Kazuo,Tanaka Shinya
Cell communication and signaling 13, 35, 2015-07-26
Background: The complex of Dock180/ELMO1 that functions as a bipartite guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac is essential for diverse physiological and pathological processes of cells such as cel …
NAID 120005651855

Replacement of Tyr50 stacked on the si-face of the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin adenine dinucleotide prosthetic group modulates Bacillus subtilis ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase activity toward NADPH

Seo Daisuke,Naito Hiroshi,Nishimura Erika,Sakurai Takeshi
Photosynthesis Research 125(1-2), 321-328, 2015-02-20
… To investigate the role of the si-face Tyr50 residue in BsFNR, we replaced Tyr50 with Gly, Ser, and Trp and examined its spectroscopic properties and enzymatic activities in the presence of NADPH and ferredoxin (Fd) from B. … The replacement of Tyr50 to Gly (Y50G), Ser (Y50S), and Trp (Y50W) in BsFNR resulted in a blue shift of the FAD transition bands. … The present results suggest that Tyr50 modulates the electronic properties and positioning of the prosthetic group. …
NAID 120005602822

Biochemical properties and substrate recognition mechanism of GH31 alpha-glucosidase from Bacillus sp AHU 2001 with broad substrate specificity

Saburi Wataru,Okuyama Masayuki,Kumagai Yuya,Kimura Atsuo,Mori Haruhide
Biochimie 108, 140-148, 2015-01
… Substitution of Tyr268, situated on the beta -> … Analysis of the Y173A mutant of B5pAG31A showed that Tyr173, situated on the N-terminal domain loop, is associated with the formation of subsite +2. …
NAID 120005595703

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「チロシン」
拡張検索	「Tyr kinase」「Tyrキナーゼ」「Tyrode液」「Tyr残基」
関連記事	「T」

「チロシン」

チロシン
	IUPAC名 Tyrosine
	別称 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
識別情報
CAS登録番号	60-18-4 (L体)
PubChem	1153
ChemSpider	5833
KEGG	C00082
ChEMBL	CHEMBL925
	SMILES N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(O)=O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C9H11NO3/c10-8(9(12)13)5-6-1-3-7(11)4-2-6/h1-4,8,11H,5,10H2,(H,12,13)/t8-/m0/s1 ; Key: OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N ;
特性
化学式	C9H11NO3
モル質量	181.19 g mol−1
	特記なき場合、データは常温 (25 °C)・常圧 (100 kPa) におけるものである。

　　[★]

英: tyrosine Tyr Y, L-tyrosine
同: p-ヒドロキシフェニルアラニン p-hydroxyphenylalanine、2-アミノ-3-ヒドロキシフェニルプロピオン酸 2-amino-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid
関: アミノ酸

極性。無電荷
側鎖：

-CH2-C6H4-OH

アラニンの側鎖にフェノールが付いた形。

代謝

カテコールアミンの合成材料

「Tyr kinase」

　　[★]

チロシンキナーゼ、Tyrキナーゼ

関: PTK、tyrosine kinase

「Tyrキナーゼ」

　　[★]

英: Tyr kinase
関: チロシンキナーゼ

「Tyrode液」

　　[★]

英: Tyrode solution
関: タイロード液

「Tyr残基」

　　[★]

英: Tyr residue
関: チロシン残基

「T」

　　[★]

[1] IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1983年). “Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides”. Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology. 2007年5月17日閲覧。

[urltyrosine_.E2.80.94_Infoplease.com-2] “Tyrosine”. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Infoplease.com — Columbia University Press (2007年). 2008年4月20日閲覧。

[urlOnline_Etymology_Dictionary-3] Douglas Harper (2001年). “Tyrosine”. Online Etymology Dictionary. 2008年4月20日閲覧。

[evi-supp-4] エビデンスに基づくハーブ&サプリメント事典 ISBN 4524239650

[func-5] 機能性食品素材便覧—特定保健用食品からサプリメント・健康食品まで ISBN 4840807825

[1] Merriam Webster Online Dictionary: Tyr

[2] Adapted from the work of Dr. W. Wägner. By M. W. MacDowall. Asgard and the Gods. The Tales and Traditions of our Northern Ancestors.

[3] Klein, E., "deity", Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (Elsevier Publishing, 1966), pp. 417—8.

[4] Grimm, Teutonic Mythology

[5] Peter Buchholz, Perspectives for Historical Research in Germanic Religion, History of Religions, vol. 8, no. 2 (1968), 127.

[6] Vercovicium, the Roman fort and settlement at Housesteads

[7] ttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania

[8] ttp://www.crtpesaro.it/Materiali/Latino/De%20Origine%20Et%20Situ%20Germanorum.php

[9] ttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania

[10] Karl Hauck in: Heizmann and Axboe (eds.), Die Goldbrakteaten Der Volkerwanderungszeit: Auswertung Und Neufunde, Walter de Gruyter, 2011, p. 29. Karl Hauck in: Hoops and BeckK (eds.) , Kontinuität und Brüche in der Religionsgeschichte, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, 284-288.

[11] Snorri Sturluson. The Prose Edda

[12] Horst Pirchl-Hussl, Elmar Stöttner, Ulrich Lamm, Ist der Name Tirol ein Name aus der Völkerwanderungszeit? http://www.dorftirol.com/tirol.htm

[VIKINGAROS-13] Damm, Annette. Editor. (2005) Viking Aros, pages 42-45. Moesgård Museum ISBN 87-87334-63-1

チロシン

IUPAC名 Tyrosine
別称 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
識別情報
CAS登録番号	60-18-4 (L体)
PubChem	1153
ChemSpider	5833
KEGG	C00082
ChEMBL	CHEMBL925
SMILES N[C@@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(O)=O
InChI InChI=1S/C9H11NO3/c10-8(9(12)13)5-6-1-3-7(11)4-2-6/h1-4,8,11H,5,10H2,(H,12,13)/t8-/m0/s1 Key: OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N
特性
化学式	C₉H₁₁NO₃
モル質量	181.19 g mol⁻¹
特記なき場合、データは常温 (25 °C)・常圧 (100 kPa) におけるものである。

匿名

検索

案内

Tyr