関: Loganiaceae、nux vomica

WordNet

a dicotyledonous family of plants of order Gentianales (同)family Loganiaceae
the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet

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ニュー(ギリシア語アルファベットの第13字Ν,ν;英語のN,nに相当)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/25 03:29:26」(JST)

wiki en

The strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica L.) also known as nux vomica, poison nut, semen strychnos and quaker buttons, is a deciduous tree native to India, and southeast Asia. It is a medium-sized tree in the family Loganiaceae that grows in open habitats. Its leaves are ovate and 2–3.5 inches (5.1–8.9 cm) in size.^[1]

It is a major source of the highly poisonous, intensely bitter alkaloids strychnine and brucine, derived from the seeds inside the tree's round, green to orange fruit.^[2] The seeds contain approximately 1.5% strychnine, and the dried blossoms contain 1.0%.^[1] However, the tree's bark also contains brucine and other poisonous compounds.

The use of strychnine is highly regulated in many countries, and is mostly used in baits to kill feral mammals, including wild dogs, foxes, and rodents. Most accidental poisoning is by breathing in the powder or by absorption through the skin [1].

Description

Seeds of S. nux-vomica

S. nux-vomica is a medium-sized tree with a short thick trunk. The wood is dense, hard white, and close-grained. The branches are irregular and are covered with a smooth ashen bark. The young shoots are a deep green colour with a shiny coat. The leaves have an opposite decussate arrangement, short stalked, are oval shaped, also have a shiny coat and are smooth on both sides. The leaves are about 4 inches (10 cm) long and 3 inches (7.6 cm) wide. The flowers are small with a pale green colour with a funnel shape. They bloom in the cold season and have a foul smell. The fruit are about the size of a large apple with a smooth and hard shell which when ripened is a mild shade orange colour. The flesh of the fruit is soft and white with a jelly-like pulp containing five seeds covered with a soft woolly substance.

The seeds are removed from the fruit when ripe. They are then cleaned, dried and sorted. The seeds have the shape of a flattened disk completely covered with hairs radiating from the center of the sides. This gives the seeds a very characteristic sheen. The seeds are very hard, with a dark grey horny endosperm where the small embryo is housed that gives off no odour but possesses a very bitter taste. The plant is native to southeast Asia and Australia normally in tropical and subtropical areas.

Seedling of Nux Vomica

Medical uses

There are no uses in modern medicine, although it was widely used in medicine before World War II.^{[citation needed]} It is also used in preparation of the popular homeopathic remedy Nux Vomica (Nux-V). Strychnine is a deadly poison with a lethal dose to humans of about 30 to 120 mg. Survival of substantially higher doses have been reported. The properties of Nux Vomica are those of the alkaloid strychnine. Strychnine is eliminated with a half-life of about 12 hours.^[3]

One report published in 1923 described a case involving a 2½ year old who had eaten thirty-two "Nuxated Iron" tablets and died of strychnin poisoning about two hours after he had taken the tablets. These patent medicine tablets contained nux vomica extract, but the quantity in each tablet could not be guaranteed, as there was no law requiring such labelling at the time. ^[4]

The most direct symptom caused by strychnine is violent convulsions due to a simultaneous stimulation of the motor or sensory ganglia of the spinal cord. During the convulsions there is a rise in blood pressure. Brucine closely resembles strychnine in its action, but is slightly less poisonous, as it only causes paralysis of the peripheral motor nerves.

Strychnos nux-vomica has been shown to suppress allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody response in mice, suggesting its possible application in allergic conditions.^[5]

In vitro Strychnos nux-vomica inhibited the growth of AGS human gastric carcinoma cells.^[6]

Herbal medicine

In the Indian (Ayush) system of medicine, "hudar" is a mixture containing Strychnos nux-vomica and used to elevate blood pressure. The seeds are first immersed in water for five days, in milk for two days followed by their boiling in milk.^[7] In India, the quality/toxicity of traditional medical crude and processed Strychnos seeds can be controlled by examining the toxic alkaloids using established HPLC methods and/or HPLC-UV methods.^[8]

Strychnos nux-vomica is also used in homeopathy.^[9]

Strychnos has not been proven effective for the treatment of any illness. Since the seeds contain strychnine poison, conventional doctors do not recommend it as a medicine. It is on the Commission E list of unapproved herbs, because it is not recommended for use and has not been proven to be safe or effective. There is also no clinical trial evidence of Strychnos supporting it being a viable cancer treatment.

Bark of Strychnos nux-vomica

References

^ ^a ^b Harry L. Arnold (1968). Poisonous Plants of Hawaii. Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle. p. 20. ISBN 0-8048-0474-5.
^ Oudhia, P., 2008. Strychnos nux-vomica L. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.
^ David Michael Wood, Emma Webster, Daniel Martinez, Paul Ivor Dargan & Alison Linda Jones (2002). "Case report: survival after deliberate strychnine self-poisoning, with toxicokinetic data". Critical Care 6 (5): 456–459. doi:10.1186/cc1549. PMC 130147. PMID 12398788.
^ Barker, E.O. (1923). ""NUXATED IRON" NOT ALWAYS "NUX"-LESS". JAMA 81 (4): 319. doi:10.1001/jama.1923.02650040059035. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
^ Govinda Rao Duddukuri, A. Naga Brahmam & D. N. Rao (2008). "Suppressive effect of Strychnos nux-vomica on induction of ovalbumin-specific IgE antibody response in mice" (PDF). Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics 45 (5): 341–344. PMID 19069846.
^ Sang Man Lee, Jae Im Kwon, Yung Hyun Choi, Hyun Sup Eom & Gyoo Yong Chi (2008). "Induction of G2/M arrest and apoptosis by water extract of Strychni Semen in human gastric carcinoma AGS cells". Phytotherapy Research 22 (6): 752–758. doi:10.1002/ptr.2355. PMID 18446845.
^ Seema Akbar, Shamshad A Khan, Akbar Masood & M Iqbal (2010). "Use of Strychnos nux-vomica (azraqi) seeds in Unani system of medicine: role of detoxification". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 7 (4): 286–290. PMC 3005396. PMID 21731158.
^ Q. B. Han, S. L. Li, C. F. Qiao, J. Z. Song, Z. W. Cai, P. Pui-Hay But, P. C. Shaw & H. X. Xu (2008). "A simple method to identify the unprocessed Strychnos seeds used in herbal medicinal products". Planta Medica 74 (4): 458–463. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034359. PMID 18484543.
^ Roland Hofbauer, Eva Pasching, Doris Moser & Michael Frass (2010). "Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor expression in KATO-III cells after Helicobacter pylori stimulation under the influence of Strychnos nux-vomica and Calendula officinalis". Homeopathy 99 (3): 177–182. doi:10.1016/j.homp.2010.05.002. PMID 20674841.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Strychnos nux-vomica.

M. Grieve. "Nux Vomica". Botanical.com, A Modern Herbal.
"Strychnos nux-vomica". American Cancer Society.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 乳児疝痛の評価および管理 evaluation and management of colic
2. ストリキニーネ中毒 strychnine poisoning
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English Journal

Renal toxic ingredients and their toxicology from traditional Chinese medicine.

Xu XL1, Yang LJ1, Jiang JG1.
Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology.Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol.2016;12(2):149-59. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1132306. Epub 2016 Jan 6.
INTRODUCTION: There have been increasing concerns regarding adverse reactions and toxicity incidents caused by traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), among which the nephrotoxicity is particularly worrying.AREAS COVERED: This review summarizes the ingredients with renal toxicity from some TCMs throug
PMID 26670420

Phytochemical study, cytotoxic, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Strychnos nux-vomica.

Eldahshan OA1, Abdel-Daim MM.
Cytotechnology.Cytotechnology.2015 Oct;67(5):831-44. doi: 10.1007/s10616-014-9723-2. Epub 2014 Apr 8.
The strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica L.) (S. nux-vomica) belonging to family Loganiaceae has been a very promising medication for certain disorders. Different chromatographic methods were used to isolate the phenolic compounds from the aqueous methanolic extract of the S. nux-vomica leaves. The
PMID 24711053

Effect of detoxification (tadbeer) in content of toxic metabolites of Strychnos nux-vomica: A Unani approach for its use in human.

Anwar N1, Khan MS2, Kabir H3, Ahmad S3.
Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences.J Pharm Bioallied Sci.2015 Oct-Dec;7(4):314-6. doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.168034.
BACKGROUND: Azaraqi (Strychnos nux-vomica, Loganiaceae) has been the important Unani medicine since long time as a stimulant, anti-inflammatory, and blood purifier. It has been used very frequently by the Unani practitioner. But the Unani system recommends application of azaraqi in medicine only aft
PMID 26681891

Japanese Journal

Processing of Nux Vomica. VII. Antinociceptive Effects of Crude Alkaloids from the Processed and Unprocessed Seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica in Mice

CAI Baochang,NAGASAWA Tetsuro,KADOTA Shigetoshi,HATTORI Masao,NAMBA Tsuneo,KURAISHI Yasushi
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 19(1), 127-131, 1996-01-15
… We examined the antinociceptive effects of the crude alkaloid fractions (CAF) of nux vomica (the dried seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L.) and the influences of various processing methods upon their antinociception in three analgesic tests in mice. …
NAID 110003641072

Processing of Nux Vomica. IV. : A Comparison of Cytotoxicity of Nine Alkaloids from Processed Seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica on Tumor Cell Lines

Cai Bao Chang [他],CHEN LONG,KADOTA SHIGETOSHI,HATTORI MASAO,NAMBA TSUNEO
生薬學雜誌 49(1), 39-42, 1995-03-20
… Of the alkaloids isolated from the processed seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, isostrychnine N-oxide and isobrucine N-oxide showed the most potent cytotoxicity to the tumor cell lines of K562, HeLa and HEP-2. …
NAID 110008731563

Prosessing of Nux Vomica. II. : Changes in Alkaloid Composition of the Seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica on Traditional Drug-Processing

蔡宝晶,服部征雄,難波恒雄
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 38(5), 1295-1298, 1990-05-25
… In the course of our study on the drug-processing of the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. … nux-vomica was compared to that of the untreated seeds. …
NAID 110003628535

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「マチン」「ストリキニーネノキ」「Loganiaceae」「nux vomica」
関連記事	「n」「nux vomica」

「マチン」

Strychnos nux-vomica
	Illustration from Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
	Habitus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Loganiaceae
Genus:	Strychnos
Species:	S. nux-vomica
Binomial name
	Strychnos nux-vomica; L.

　　[★]

ラ: Strychnos nux-vomica
関: マチン科、ストリキニーネノキ、ホミカ

「ストリキニーネノキ」

　　[★]

ラ: Strychnos nux-vomica
関: マチン、ストリキニーネ

「Loganiaceae」

　　[★]

マチン科

関: nux vomica、Strychnos nux-vomica

「nux vomica」

　　[★]

ホミカ

関: Loganiaceae、Strychnos nux-vomica

「n」

　　[★]

n.

例数

関: number of experiment、sample size

pの前の[n]はmと記載する。synptom→symptom

「nux vomica」

　　[★]

ホミカ

関: Loganiaceae、Strychnos nux-vomica

[arnold-1] Harry L. Arnold (1968). Poisonous Plants of Hawaii. Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle. p. 20. ISBN 0-8048-0474-5.

[2] Oudhia, P., 2008. Strychnos nux-vomica L. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.

[wood-3] David Michael Wood, Emma Webster, Daniel Martinez, Paul Ivor Dargan & Alison Linda Jones (2002). "Case report: survival after deliberate strychnine self-poisoning, with toxicokinetic data". Critical Care 6 (5): 456–459. doi:10.1186/cc1549. PMC 130147. PMID 12398788.

[4] Barker, E.O. (1923). ""NUXATED IRON" NOT ALWAYS "NUX"-LESS". JAMA 81 (4): 319. doi:10.1001/jama.1923.02650040059035. Retrieved 16 September 2014.

[5] Govinda Rao Duddukuri, A. Naga Brahmam & D. N. Rao (2008). "Suppressive effect of Strychnos nux-vomica on induction of ovalbumin-specific IgE antibody response in mice" (PDF). Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics 45 (5): 341–344. PMID 19069846.

[6] Sang Man Lee, Jae Im Kwon, Yung Hyun Choi, Hyun Sup Eom & Gyoo Yong Chi (2008). "Induction of G2/M arrest and apoptosis by water extract of Strychni Semen in human gastric carcinoma AGS cells". Phytotherapy Research 22 (6): 752–758. doi:10.1002/ptr.2355. PMID 18446845.

[7] Seema Akbar, Shamshad A Khan, Akbar Masood & M Iqbal (2010). "Use of Strychnos nux-vomica (azraqi) seeds in Unani system of medicine: role of detoxification". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 7 (4): 286–290. PMC 3005396. PMID 21731158.

[8] Q. B. Han, S. L. Li, C. F. Qiao, J. Z. Song, Z. W. Cai, P. Pui-Hay But, P. C. Shaw & H. X. Xu (2008). "A simple method to identify the unprocessed Strychnos seeds used in herbal medicinal products". Planta Medica 74 (4): 458–463. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034359. PMID 18484543.

[9] Roland Hofbauer, Eva Pasching, Doris Moser & Michael Frass (2010). "Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor expression in KATO-III cells after Helicobacter pylori stimulation under the influence of Strychnos nux-vomica and Calendula officinalis". Homeopathy 99 (3): 177–182. doi:10.1016/j.homp.2010.05.002. PMID 20674841.

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案内

Strychnos nux-vomica

WordNet

PrepTutorEJDIC

Wikipedia preview

wiki en

Contents

Description

Medical uses

Herbal medicine

References

External links

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Japanese Journal

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「マチン」

「ストリキニーネノキ」

「Loganiaceae」

「nux vomica」

「n」

「nux vomica」

Strychnos nux-vomica

Illustration from Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen

Habitus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Loganiaceae
Genus:	Strychnos
Species:	S. nux-vomica
Binomial name
*Strychnos nux-vomica* L.