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genus of fungi with black perithecia used extensively in genetic research; includes some forms with orange spore masses that cause severe damage in bakeries (同)genus Neurospora

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/18 11:42:29」(JST)

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Neurospora is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. The genus name, meaning "nerve spore" refers to the characteristic striations on the spores that resemble axons.

The best known species in this genus is Neurospora crassa, a common model organism in biology. Neurospora intermedia var. oncomensis is believed to be the only mold belonging to Neurospora which is used in food production (to make oncom).^[1]

Characteristics

Neurospora species are molds with broadly spreading colonies, with abundant production of ascomata. Ascomata are superficial or immersed, perithecial and ostiolate or cleistothecial and non-ostiolate, hairy or glabrous, dark coloured. Peridium membranaceous, asci cylindrical, clavate or subspherical, with a persistent or evanescent wall, usually with a thickened and non-amyloid annular structure at the apex, usually 8-spored. Ascospores broadly fusiform, ellipsoidal, or nearly spherical, unicellular, hyaline to yellowish brown or olive-brown, becoming dark and opaque at maturity, ascospore wall with longitudinal ribs or pitted, occasionally nearly smooth, 1–2 (but rarely up to 12) germ pores disposed at the ends of the ascospores, gelatinous sheaths or appendages are absent. Anamorphs are known in only a relatively small number of species, which belong to the fungi imperfecti genus Chrysonilia. The type species of the genus is Neurospora sitophila Shear^[2]

Systematics

The former genera Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups,^[3] thus the former genus is nowadays included in Neurospora.^[4]

Neurospora as model organisms

Neurospora is widely used in genetics as a model organism (especially N. crassa) because it is quickly reproducing, is easy to culture,^[5] and can survive on minimal media (inorganic salts, glucose, water and biotin in agar).

The first studies of sexual reproduction in Neurospora were made by B. O. Dodge. Neurospora was later used by George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum in X-ray mutation experiments in order to discover mutants that would differ in nutritional requirements. The results of their experiments led them to the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, in which they postulated that every enzyme was encoded with its own gene.

Research with Neurospora is reported semi-annually at the Neurospora Meeting at Asilomar, California, coordinated by the Fungal Genetics Stock Center. Mutant and wild-type strains of Neurospora are available from the FGSC. The FGSC also publishes the Fungal Genetics Reports.

Important people in Neurospora research:

Bernard Ogilvie Dodge (1872–1960)^[5]
George Beadle (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1958)
Edward Tatum (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1958)
Esther Lederberg^[6]^[7]^[8]
Norman Giles^[8]
David Perkins
Robert Metzenberg
Norman Horowitz
Herschel Mitchell^[9]
Mary B. Mitchell^[10]

Sexual reproduction

In the heterothallic species Neurospora crassa, interaction of strains of opposite mating is necessary for the occurrence of sexual reproduction and the production of ascospores by meiosis. The genus Neurospora also includes homothallic species in which a single individual can undergo self-fertilization leading to meiosis and sexual reproduction. Neurospora africana is an example of such a species.^[11]^[12] Because heterothallic species necessarily undergo some degree of outcrossing they may benefit from the masking of deleterious recessive alleles that express in the dikaryon or diploid stage and/or from increased genetic variability. In contrast, homothallic species do not outcross and do not experience these benefits. However, both hetero- and homothallic species derive the benefits of meiosis that include the removal of stress-induced DNA damages by homologous recombinational repair, and the formation of stress-resistant ascospores.

References

^ Ho C.C. 1986. Identity and characteristics of Neurospora intermedia responsible for oncom fermentation in Indonesia. Food Microbiology 3(2):115-132 (April 1986).
^ Garcia, D.; et al. (2004). "A synopsis and re-circumscription of Neurospora (syn. Gelasinospora) based on ultrastructural and 28S rDNA sequence data". Mycol. Res 108 (10): 1119–1142. doi:10.1017/s0953756204000218.
^ Cai, L.; et al. (2006). ", Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology". Mycological Research 110: 137–150. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2005.09.014.
^ Garcia, D.; et al. (2004). "A synopsis and re-circumscription of Neurospora (syn. Gelasinospora) based on ultrastructural and 28S rDNA sequence data". Mycol. Res 108 (10): 1119–1142. doi:10.1017/s0953756204000218.
^ ^a ^b Dodge, B. O. "Crossing hermaphroditic races of Neurospora". Mycologia 24 (1): 7–13. doi:10.2307/3753727.
^ Zimmer, E. M., August 1946, "MUTANT STRAINS OF NEUROSPORA DEFICIENT IN PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID", MA Thesis, Stanford University
^ Hollaender, A., Sansome E. R., Zimmer, E., Demerec, M., April 1945, "Quantitative Irradiation Experiments with Neurospora crassa. II. Ultraviolet Irradiation", American Journal of Botany 32(4):226-235 Also: "Quantitative effects of radiation on mutation production in Neurospora crassa", Records of the Genetics Society of America, Number Thirteen, 1944
^ ^a ^b Giles, N. H. Jr., Lederberg, E. Z., March 1948, "Induced reversions of biochemical mutants in Neurospora crassa", American Journal of Botany 35(3):150-157
^ Mitchell HK, Nyc JF (January 1948). "Hydroxyanthranilic Acid as a Precursor of Nicotinic Acid in Neurospora". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 34 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.34.1.1. PMC 1062899. PMID 16588774.
^ Mitchell MB (April 1955). "ABERRANT RECOMBINATION OF PYRIDOXINE MUTANTS OF Neurospora". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 41 (4): 215–20. doi:10.1073/pnas.41.4.215. PMC 528059. PMID 16589648.
^ Glass NL, Smith ML (August 1994). "Structure and function of a mating-type gene from the homothallic species Neurospora africana". Mol. Gen. Genet. 244 (4): 401–9. doi:10.1007/bf00286692. PMID 8078466.
^ Metzenberg RL, Glass NL (February 1990). "Mating type and mating strategies in Neurospora". BioEssays 12 (2): 53–9. doi:10.1002/bies.950120202. PMID 2140508.

External links

[1] Fungal Genetics Stock Center
[2] Neurospora Meeting website
Neurospora strains at the FGSC
Neurospora genome projects
Fungal Cell Biology Group at University of Edinburgh, UK. Website includes many movies and images of Neurospora.
[3] Fungal Genetics Reports
[4] Montenegro-Montero A. (2010) "The Almighty Fungi: The Revolutionary Neurospora crassa". A historical view of the many contributions of this organism to molecular biology.
[5] Neurospora crassa genome

English Journal

Fungal catalases: Function, phylogenetic origin and structure.

Hansberg W, Salas-Lizana R, Domínguez L.SourceDepartamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.Arch Biochem Biophys.2012 Sep 15;525(2):170-80. Epub 2012 Jun 12.
Most fungi have several monofunctional heme-catalases. Filamentous ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina) have two types of large-size subunit catalases (L1 and L2). L2-type are usually induced by different stressors and are extracellular enzymes; those from the L1-type are not inducible and accumulate in ase
PMID 22698962

Characterization of the Two Neurospora crassa Cellobiose Dehydrogenases and Their Connection to Oxidative Cellulose Degradation.

Sygmund C, Kracher D, Scheiblbrandner S, Zahma K, Felice AK, Harreither W, Kittl R, Ludwig R.SourceFood Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2012 Sep;78(17):6161-71. Epub 2012 Jun 22.
The genome of Neurospora crassa encodes two different cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs) with a sequence identity of only 53%. So far, only CDH IIA, which is induced during growth on cellulose and features a C-terminal carbohydrate binding module (CBM), was detected in the secretome of N. crassa and p
PMID 22729546

Functional analysis of glycoside hydrolase family 18 and 20 genes in Neurospora crassa.

Tzelepis GD, Melin P, Jensen DF, Stenlid J, Karlsson M.SourceUppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B.Fungal Genet Biol.2012 Sep;49(9):717-30. Epub 2012 Jul 13.
Glycoside hydrolase family 18 contains hydrolytic enzymes with chitinase or endo-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (ENGase) activity, while glycoside hydrolase family 20 contains enzymes with β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (NAGase) activity. Chitinases and NAGases are involved in chitin degradation. Chitinas
PMID 22796096

Japanese Journal

アカパンカビ・カルシウムホメオスタシス異常突然変異株を用いた細胞外カルシウム濃度変化による細胞タンパク質パターン変化の解析

定金豊
九州保健福祉大学研究紀要 12, 171-176, 2011-03
… アカパンカビ(Neurospora crassa)は培養液中のカルシウム濃度の変化により大きくその成長率が変わる.そのため培養中のカルシウム濃度が異なると,アカパンカビの細胞内の組成も変化すると考えられる.今回,培養中のカルシウム濃度がアカパンカビの細胞タンパク質の組成にどのような変化を与えるか調べた.その結果,野生株で細胞外カルシウム濃度に依存して量が変化する4種類のタンパク質の存在が明らかになった.カルシ …
NAID 110008456910

ストレス応答シグナル伝達経路に作用する殺菌剤に関する研究(学会賞受賞論文(業績賞・研究))

藤村真
Journal of pesticide science 35(3), 363-369, 2010-08-20
NAID 110007681558

An AP-1-Like Transcription Factor, NAP-1, Regulates Expression of the Glutathione S-Transferase and NADH : Flavin Oxidoreductase Genes in Neurospora crassa

TAKAHASHI Masakazu,YAMASHITA Kazuhiro,SHIOZAWA Azusa,ICHIISHI Akihiko,FUKUMORI Fumiyasu,FUJIMURA Makoto
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 74(4), 746-752, 2010-04-23
… The deletion of an AP-1-like transcription factor gene, <I>nap-1</I>, in <I>Neurospora crassa</I> …
NAID 10027553641

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「パンカビ属」「パンカビ」「アカパンカビ属」「ニューロスポラ」「ニューロスポラ属」
拡張検索	「Neurospora属」

「パンカビ属」

Neurospora
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Phylum:	Ascomycota
Subphylum:	Pezizomycotina
Class:	Ascomycetes
Order:	Sordariales
Family:	Sordariaceae
Genus:	Neurospora; Shear & B.O. Dodge, 1927
Species
	N. africana; N. bonaerensis; N. brevispora; N. caffera; N. calospora; N. cerealis; N. crassa; N. cratophora; N. dictyophora; N. discreta; N. dodgei; N. himalayensis; N. hippopotama; N. indica; N. intermedia; N. inversa; N. kobi; N. lineolata; N. longispora; N. novoguineensis; N. pannonica; N. pseudocalospora; N. pseudoreticulata; N. reticulata; N. sitophila; N. tetrasperma
Synonyms
	Gelasinospora; Anixiella