同: multivessel disease, 多枝冠動脈疾患

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the 13th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)m

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Mach number / mark[s] / Monsieur

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/18 13:37:11」(JST)

The Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation (MOI, Russian: Министерство внутренних дел, МВД, Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del, MVD) is the interior ministry of Russia. Its predecessor was founded in 1802 by Alexander I in Imperial Russia. The Ministry is headquartered in Moscow.

The current Minister of Internal Affairs is Colonel General of Police Vladimir Kolokoltsev, who was the Moscow Police Commissioner between 2009 and 2012.

History

Russian Empire

Created by Alexander I on 28 March 1802 in the process of government reforms to replace the aging collegia of Peter the Great, the MVD was one of the most powerful governmental bodies of the Empire, responsible for the police forces and Internal Guards and the supervision of gubernial administrations. Its initial responsibilities also included penitentiaries, firefighting, state enterprises, the state postal system, state property, construction, roads, medicine, clergy, natural resources, and nobility; most of them were transferred to other ministries and government bodies by the mid-19th century.

Police

As the central government began to further partition the countryside, the ispravniks were distributed among the sections.^[2] Serving under them in their principal localities were commissaries (stanovoi pristav). Ispravniki and stanovoi alike were armed with broad and obscurely-defined powers, which, combined with the fact that they were for the most part illiterate and wholly ignorant of the law, formed crushing forces of oppression. Towards the end of the reign of Alexander II, the government, in order to preserve order in the country districts, also created a special class of mounted rural policemen (uryadniks, from uriad, order), who, in a time without habeas corpus, were armed with power to arrest all suspects on the spot. These uryadniks rapidly became the terror of the countryside. Finally, in the towns of the rural countryside, every house was provided with a "guard dog" of sorts, in the form of a porter (dvornik), who was charged with the duty of reporting the presence of any suspicious characters or anything of interest to the police.

Secret police

In addition to the above there was also the secret police, in direct subordination to the ministry of the interior, of which the principal function is the discovery, prevention and extirpation of political sedition. Its most famous development was the so-called Third Section (of the imperial chancery) instituted by the emperor Nicholas I in 1826. This was entirely independent of the ordinary police, but was associated with the previously existing Special Corps of Gendarmes, whose chief was placed at its head. Its object had originally been to keep the emperor in close touch with all the branches of the administration and to bring to his notice any abuses and irregularities, and for this purpose its chief was in constant personal intercourse with the sovereign.

Following the growth of the revolutionary movement and assassination of Tsar Alexander II, the Department of State Police inherited the secret police functions of the dismissed Third Section and transferred the most capable Gendarmes to the Okhrana. In 1896 the powers of the minister were extended at the expense of those of the under-secretary, who remained only at the head of the corps of gendarmes; but by a law of 24 September 1904 this was again reversed, and the under-secretary was again placed at the head of all the police with the title of undersecretary for the administration of the police.

By World War I, the Department had spawned a counter-intelligence section. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Gendarmes and the Okhrana were disbanded as anti-revolutionary.

Soviet era

A 1970s- or 80s-vintage GAZ-24 Volga, in the period squad car livery, installed as a monument in front of the Nizhny Novgorod Main Directorate for Road Traffic Safety headquarters.

Having won the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks disbanded the tsarist police forces and formed all-proletarian Workers' and Peasants' Militsiya under NKVD of the Russian SFSR. After establishing USSR there was no Soviet (federal) NKVD until 1934.

In March 1946, all of the People's Commissariats (NK) were redesignated as Ministries (M). The NKVD was renamed the MVD of the USSR, along with its former subordinate, the NKGB which became the MGB of the USSR. The NKVDs of Union Republics also became Ministries of Internal Affairs subordinate to MVD of the USSR.

Secret police became a part of MVD after Lavrenty Beria merged the MGB into the MVD in March 1953. Within a year Beria's downfall caused the MVD to be split up again; after that, the MVD retained its "internal security" (police) functions, while the new KGB took on "state security" (secret police) functions.

In his efforts to fight bureaucracy and maintain 'Leninist principles', Nikita Khrushchev, as the Premier of the Union, called for the dismissal of the All-Union MVD. The Ministry ceased to exist in January 1960 and its functions were transferred to the respective Republican Ministries. The MVD of the Russian SFSR was renamed the Ministry for Securing the Public Order in 1962.

Leonid Brezhnev again recreated the All-Union Ministry for Securing the Public Order in July 1966 and later assigned Nikolai Shchelokov as Minister; the RSFSR Ministry was disbanded for the second time, the first being at the creation of the NKVD of the Soviet Union. The MVD regained its original title in 1968.

Another role of the reformed MVD was to combat economic crimes, that is to suppress private business which was largely prohibited by socialist law. This fight was never successful due to the pervasive nature of the black market.

By the mid-1980s, the image of the people's militsiya was largely compromised by the corruption and disorderly behaviour of both enlisted and officer staff (the most shocking case was the robbery and murder of a KGB operative by a gang of militiamen stationed in Moscow Metro in 1983). Many high-ranking MVD officers, including the Minister himself, were revealed to be routinely bribed by illegal shadow businesses and criminals.

Russian Federation

The Russian MVD was recreated as the MVD of the Russian SFSR in 1990, following the restoration of the republican Council of Ministers and Supreme Soviet, and remained when Russia gained independence from the Soviet Union. It currently controls the politsiya (formerly militsiya), the Main Directorate for Road Traffic Safety, and the Internal Troops. Since the disbanding of the Tax Police, it also investigates economic crimes.

The long-time additional duties of the Imperial MVD and NKVD, such as the Firefighting Service and Prisons Service, were recently moved to the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Ministry of Justice respectively. The last reorganization abolished Main Directorates inherited from the NKVD in favour of Departments. The current minister of internal affairs in Russia is Vladimir Kolokoltsev.

1993 Constitutional crisis

From Kulikov to Rushyalo

Ministers

Interior ministers
Minister	Start year	End year
Viktor Yerin	1992	1995
Anatoly Kulikov	1995	1998
Sergei Stepashin	1998	1999
Vladimir Rushailo	1999	2001
Boris Gryzlov	2001	2003
Rashid Nurgaliyev	2004	2012
Vladimir Kolokoltsev	2012

References

^ "Basic parameters of the Russian draft federal budget for 2011"
^ From Catherine II's time to that of Alexander II, these chiefs of police were put in power by the ruling nobility. This was changed after the Emancipation reform of 1861.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

Official website (English)
Official website (Russian)

Russian

Timeline of MVD, 1801-1997

UpToDate Contents

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1. 大腸癌の病理および予後決定因子 pathology and prognostic determinants of colorectal cancer
2. 多発性骨髄腫における病期分類および予後研究 staging and prognostic studies in multiple myeloma
3. 原発性骨髄線維症における病態 pathogenetic mechanisms in primary myelofibrosis
4. 原発性（本態性）高血圧の病因における神経血管異常 neurovascular abnormalities in the pathogenesis of primary essential hypertension
5. 炎症性乳癌：病理および分子学的病因 inflammatory breast cancer pathology and molecular pathogenesis

English Journal

Expression of endothelial factors in prostate cancer: a possible role of caveolin-1 for tumour progression.

Steiner I, Jung K, Miller K, Stephan C, Erbersdobler A.SourceResearch Division, Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
Oncology reports.Oncol Rep.2012 Feb;27(2):389-95. doi: 10.3892/or.2011.1539. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
Solid tumours need to induce their own vascular supply, and microvessel density (MVD) has emerged as a prognostic factor in several tumours. We hypothesized that mRNA levels of some endothelial factors in prostate cancer tissue would correlate with histologically
PMID 22075971

Gas challenge-blood oxygen level-dependent (GC-BOLD) MRI in the rat Novikoff hepatoma model.

Guo Y, Jin N, Klein R, Nicolai J, Yang GY, Omary RA, Larson AC.SourceDepartment of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Magnetic resonance imaging.Magn Reson Imaging.2012 Jan;30(1):133-8. Epub 2011 Nov 4.
PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between gas challenge-blood oxygen level-dependent (GC-BOLD) response angiogenesis and tumor size in rat Novikoff hepatoma model.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighting 301-325 g) were used for our
PMID 22055749

Japanese Journal

A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Vascular Localization on Schwannoma in the Oro-maxillofacial Region

Inomata Toshiyuki,Utsunomiya Tadahiko,Suemitsu Masaaki
International Journal of Oral-Medical Sciences 9(3), 159-166, 2011
… Microvessel density (MVD, numbers of blood vessels per unit area) was calculated for CD-34-positive blood vessels. … MVD was 3.4±2.1 in the Antoni A zone, 6.0±1.7 in the border zone, 9.4±3.2 in the Antoni B zone, and 2.7±1.0 in the capsular tissue. …
NAID 130000652905

脳神経減圧術の治療成績・結果の標準化法についての提案

近藤明悳
脳神経外科ジャーナル 19(9), 691-695, 2010-09-20
… 術(MVD)の手術成績にはいまだ施設間で差があり,またわれわれの努力不足でこの手術法についての一般の認識はいまだ高いとはいえない.この手術法は,三叉神経痛,顔面痙攣などに対する根本的な治療法であり,半永久的な効果が期待できるが,機能的手術である以上,症状の完全消失のみならず,合併症,再発を起こさないことが最終目的である.脳神経減圧術研究会では,世話人の先生方のご協力で,このMVDの …
NAID 110007686949

Related Pictures

MVD ~~ Part Two Free vector >> Vector logo >> mvd design MVD in Dagestan 21 2008 03 02 31 am mvd vv mid 90 s MVD Graphics Questa vale? sempre MVD ovviamente! Russian MVD SPETSNAZ Military badge with training of the fsb and the mvd of russia

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「神経血管減圧術」「微小血管減圧術」「multivessel disease」「多枝冠動脈疾患」
関連記事	「MV」「M」

「神経血管減圧術」

Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)
	; Министерство внутренних дел Российской Федерации; Ministerstvo vnutrennix del
	Ministry emblem
	Flag of the Ministry of the Interior
Agency overview
Formed	March 1802
Preceding Agency	Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union (1946–1991)
Jurisdiction	President of Russia
Headquarters	Zhitnaya St. 16, Moscow, Russia; Coordinates: 55°43′51″N 37°36′50″E / 55.73083°N 37.61389°E
Employees	907,630 (2012)
Annual budget	1192.2 billion rouble (FY 2011)
Minister responsible	Vladimir Kolokoltsev
Child agency	Police of Russia, Internal Troops
Website	en.mvd.ru

　　[★]

英: neuro-vascular decompression, neurovascular decompression
ラ: decompressio neurovasculare
同: 神経血管減荷術、微小血管減圧術 microvascular decompression MVD
関: マイクロサージェリー、後頭蓋窩神経血管減圧術

「微小血管減圧術」

　　[★]

英: microvascular decompression MVD
同: 神経血管減圧術？ neurovascular decompression (SCN.312)
関: 神経血管圧迫症候群

脳神経の血管性圧迫に対する手術法

「multivessel disease」

　　[★]

同: MVD, 多枝冠動脈疾患

「多枝冠動脈疾患」

　　[★]

同: multivessel disease, MVD

「MV」

　　[★]

「M」

　　[★] メチオニン methionine 　　

[1] "Basic parameters of the Russian draft federal budget for 2011"

[2] From Catherine II's time to that of Alexander II, these chiefs of police were put in power by the ruling nobility. This was changed after the Emancipation reform of 1861.

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MVD