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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/27 16:24:34」(JST)

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The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It is one of the only arteries (other than the umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood.

Structure

In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide—approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung.^{[citation needed]}

Embryology

Originates from the truncus arteriosus (as does the aorta).

Function

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The blood here passes through capillaries adjacent to alveoli and becomes oxygenated as part of the process of respiration.^{[citation needed]}

In contrast to the pulmonary arteries, the bronchial arteries supply nutrition to the lungs themselves.^{[citation needed]}

Pulmonary artery pressure

Site		Normal pressure range (in mmHg)^[1]
Central venous pressure		3–8
Right ventricular pressure	systolic	15–30
Right ventricular pressure	diastolic	3–8
Pulmonary artery pressure	systolic	15–30
Pulmonary artery pressure	diastolic	4–12
Pulmonary vein/ Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure		2–15
Left ventricular pressure	systolic	100–140
Left ventricular pressure	diastolic	3-12

The pulmonary artery pressure (PA pressure) is a measure of the blood pressure found in the pulmonary artery. This is measured by inserting a catheter into the pulmonary artery.^[2] ^:190–191 The mean pressure is typically 9 - 18 mmHg,^[3] and the wedge pressure measured in the left atrium may be 6-12mmHg. The wedge pressure may be elevated in left heart failure,^[2]^:190–191 mitral valve stenosis, and other conditions, such as sickle cell disease.^[4]

Clinical significance

The pulmonary artery is relevant in a number of clinical states. Pulmonary hypertension is used to describe an increase in the pressure of the pulmonary artery, and may be defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure of greater than 25mmHg.^[2]^:720 This may occur as a result of heart problems such as heart failure, lung or airway disease such as COPD or scleroderma, or thromboembolic disease such as pulmonary embolism or emboli seen in sickle cell anaemia.^[2]^:720–721

Pulmonary embolism refers to an embolus that lodges in the pulmonary circulation. This may arise from a deep venous thrombosis, especially after a period of immobility. A pulmonary embolus is a common cause of death in patients with cancer and stroke.^[2]^:720–721 A large pulmonary embolus affecting the pulmonary trunk is called a saddle embolus.^{[citation needed]}

Additional images

Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea, and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta, while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta.
Bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs
Pulmonary circuit
Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.
The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.Crystal.
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery.Deep dissection.Anterior view.

External links

53805116 at GPnotebook
pulmonary+trunk at eMedicine Dictionary
Anatomy photo:20:01-0106 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Heart: The Pericardial sac and Great vessels"
Anatomy photo:20:07-0105 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Heart: Openings of Great Vessels into the Pericardial Sac"
SUNY Figs 19:05-06 - "Mediastinal surface of the right lung."
SUNY Figs 19:06-02 - "Mediastinal surface of the left lung."
Histology image: 13802loa - Histology Learning System at Boston University

References

^ Table 30-1 in: Trudie A Goers; Washington University School of Medicine Department of Surgery; Klingensmith, Mary E; Li Ern Chen; Sean C Glasgow (2008). The Washington manual of surgery. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7447-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. (21st ed. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7020-3084-0.
^ Edwards Lifesciences LLC > Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult 2009
^ Pashankar FD, Carbonella J, Bazzy-Asaad A, Friedman A (April 2008). "Prevalence and risk factors of elevated pulmonary artery pressures in children with sickle cell disease". Pediatrics 121 (4): 777–82. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0730. PMID 18381543.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 門脈肺高血圧症 portopulmonary hypertension
2. ヒト免疫不全ウイルス（HIV）関連肺高血圧症 pulmonary hypertension associated with human immunodeficiency virus
3. 鎌状赤血球症の肺合併症 pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease
4. 間質性肺疾患関連の肺高血圧症 pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease

English Journal

Long-term Effect of Vasodilator Therapy in Pulmonary Hypertension due to COPD: A Retrospective Analysis.

Fossati L1, Müller-Mottet S, Hasler E, Speich R, Bloch KE, Huber LC, Ulrich Somaini S.
Lung.Lung.2014 Dec;192(6):987-95. doi: 10.1007/s00408-014-9650-1. Epub 2014 Oct 28.
PURPOSE: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to COPD has dismal prognosis. We reviewed the long-term effect of PH-target therapy in severe PH-COPD.METHOD: Patients attending our PH-clinic were reviewed for PH-COPD receiving PH-target therapy. Baseline characteristics, death/transplantation until 2014, t
PMID 25348430

Use of inhaled iloprost for the management of postoperative pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart surgery patients: review of a transition protocol.

Vorhies EE1, Caruthers RL, Rosenberg H, Yu S, Gajarski RJ.
Pediatric cardiology.Pediatr Cardiol.2014 Dec;35(8):1337-43. doi: 10.1007/s00246-014-0933-3. Epub 2014 May 29.
Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is considered standard therapy for pediatric postcardiac surgical pulmonary hypertension (PH). Limited data suggest that inhaled iloprost (inIlo), an aerosolized prostacyclin, may be a feasible and more affordable therapeutic alternative. The goal of this study was to dete
PMID 24872141

Effect of chronic continual- and intermittent hypoxia-induced systemic inflammation on the cardiovascular system in rats.

Xu XM1, Yao D, Cai XD, Ding C, Lin QD, Wang LX, Huang XY.
Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung.Sleep Breath.2014 Nov 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has been recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Present study aimed to investigate the role of NF-κB-dependent inflammation pathways in pathophysiol
PMID 25395264

Japanese Journal

Paradoxical Interventricular Septal Motion as a Major Determinant of Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Ventricular Insertion Points in Pulmonary Hypertension

Sato Takahiro,Tsujino Ichizo,Ohira Hiroshi,Oyama-Manabe Noriko,Ito Yoichi M.,Noguchi Teruo,Yamada Asuka,Ikeda Daisuke,Watanabe Taku,Nishimura Masaharu
Plos One 8(6), e66724, 2013-06-24
… Results: Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) of PH patients was 3869 mmHg. … Significant correlations with LGE volume at VIPs were observed for MPAP (r = 0.50) and CMR-derived parameters [RV mass index (r = 0.53), RV end-diastolic volume index (r = 0.53), RV ejection fraction (r = -0.56), and paradoxical IVS motion index (r = 0.77)]. …
NAID 120005322426

Volumetric and Functional Assessment of Ventricles in Pulmonary Hypertension on 3-Dimensional Echocardiography

INABA Toshiro,YAO Atsushi,NAKAO Tomoko,HATANO Masaru,MAKI Hisataka,IMAMURA Teruhiko,SHIGA Taro,YAMAZAKI Tadashi,SONODA Makoto,KINUGAWA Koichiro,SHIOTA Takahiro,SUZUKI Junichi,TAKENAKA Katsu,HIRATA Yasunobu,NAGAI Ryozo
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 77(1), 198-206, 2012-12-25
… On linear regression analysis the RV end-systolic volume index (ESVI) was positively correlated with pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP; … The RV end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) was positively correlated with mPAP (R=0.41, P<0.05). …
NAID 10031131587

Living-donor liver transplantation for moderate or severe porto-pulmonary hypertension accompanied by pulmonary arterial hypertension: a single-centre experience over 2 decades in Japan.

Ogawa Eri,Hori Tomohide,Doi Hiraku [他],Segawa Hajime,Uemoto Shinji
Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences 19(6), 638-649, 2012-11-01
… Catheterization studies were undertaken before, during and after LDLT, and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), cardiac output (CO), pulmonary vascular resistance and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were monitored. … LDLT has an advantage of flexible timing of LT. Currently in our institution, PPHTN patients with mPAP <40 mmHg are registered for LDLT after treatment and catheterization. … However, LDLT is performed when mPAP is ≤35 mmHg, leading to improved outcomes. …
NAID 10031126979