Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/03 02:45:02」(JST)

wiki en

"MMLV" redirects here. It is also the Roman numeral for 2055.

The murine leukemia viruses (MLVs or MuLVs) are retroviruses named for their ability to cause cancer in murine (mouse) hosts. Some MLVs may infect other vertebrates. MLVs include both exogenous and endogenous viruses. Replicating MLVs have a positive sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome that replicates through a DNA intermediate via the process of reverse transcription.

Classification

The murine leukemia viruses are group/type VI retroviruses belonging to the gammaretroviral genus of the Retroviridae family. The viral particles of replicating MLVs have C-type morphology as determined by electron microscopy.

The MLVs include both exogenous and endogenous viruses. Exogenous forms are transmitted as new infections from one host to another. The Moloney, Rauscher, Abelson and Friend MLVs, named for their discoverers, are used in cancer research.

Endogenous MLVs are integrated into the host's germ line and are passed from one generation to the next. Stoye and Coffin have classified them into four categories by host specificity, determined by the genomic sequence of their envelope region.^[1] The ecotropic MLVs (from eco, "house") are capable of infecting mouse cells in culture. Non-ecotropic MLVs may be xenotropic (from xeno, "foreign", infecting non-mouse species), polytropic or modified polytropic (infecting a range of hosts including mice). Different strains of mice may have different numbers of endogenous retroviruses, and new viruses may arise as the result of recombination of endogenous sequences.^[2]^[3]

Virion structure

As Type C retroviruses, replicating murine leukemia viruses produce a virion containing a spherical nucleocapsid (the viral genome in complex with viral proteins) surrounded by a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell membrane. The lipid bilayer contains integrated host and viral proteins studded with carbohydrate molecules. The viral particle is approximately 90 nanometres (nm) in diameter. The viral glycoproteins are expressed on the membrane as trimer of a precursor Env, which is cleaved into SU and TM by host furin or furin-like proprotein convertases. This cleavage is essential for the Env incorporation into virus particles.^[4]

Genome

The genomes of exogenous and endogenous murine leukemia viruses have been fully sequenced. The viral genome is a single stranded, linear, positive-sense RNA molecule of around 8000 nucleotides. From 5' to 3' (typically displayed as "left" to "right"), the genome contains gag, pol, and env regions, coding for structural proteins, enzymes including the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase), and coat proteins, respectively. The genomic molecule contains a 5' methylated cap structure and a 3' poly-adenosine tail.

The genome includes a conserved RNA structural element called a core encapsidation signal that directs packaging of RNA into the virion; the tertiary structure of this element has been solved using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.^[5]^[6]

Viral evolution

As with other retroviruses, the MLVs replicate their genomes with relatively low fidelity. Thus, divergent viral sequences may be found in a single host organism.^[7] MLV reverse transcriptases are thought to have a slightly higher fidelity than the HIV-1 RT.^[8]

MLV research

The Friend virus (FV) is a strain of murine leukemia virus. The Friend virus has been used for both immunotherapy and vaccines. Experiments have shown that it is possible to protect against Friend virus infection with several types of vaccines, including attenuated viruses, viral proteins, peptides, and recombinant vaccinia vectors expressing the Friend virus gene. In a study of vaccinated mice, it was possible to identify the immunological epitopes required for protection against the virus, thus determining the types of immunological responses necessary or required for protection against it. The research discovered protective epitopes that were localized to F-MuLV gag and env proteins. This was achieved using recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the gag and env genes of FV.

Application

Gene therapy: MLV-derived particles can deliver therapeutic genes to target cells.
Cancer studies: MLVs are used to study cancer development.
As a model retrovirus in viral clearance studies
Reverse Transcriptase from MMLV used in Biotechnology

References

^ Stoye, J. P.; Coffin, J. M. (1987). "The four classes of endogenous murine leukemia virus: structural relationships and potential for recombination". Journal of Virology. 61 (9): 2659–2669. PMC 255766. PMID 3039159.
^ Coffin, J. M.; Stoye, J. P.; Frankel, W. N. (1989). "Genetics of endogenous murine leukemia viruses". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 567: 39–49. Bibcode:1989NYASA.567...39C. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb16457.x. PMID 2552892.
^ Stoye, JP; Moroni, C; Coffin, JM (1991). "Virological events leading to spontaneous AKR thymomas". Journal of Virology. 65 (3): 1273–85. PMC 239902. PMID 1847454.
^ Apte, Swapna; Sanders, David Avram (September 2010). "Effects of retroviral envelope-protein cleavage upon trafficking, incorporation, and membrane fusion". Virology. 405 (1): 214–224. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.06.004.
^ D'Souza V, Dey A, Habib D, Summers MF (2004). "NMR structure of the 101-nucleotide core encapsidation signal of the Moloney murine leukemia virus". J Mol Biol. 337 (2): 427–42. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.037. PMID 15003457.
^ D'Souza V, Summers MF (2004). "Structural basis for packaging the dimeric genome of Moloney murine leukaemia virus". Nature. 431 (7008): 586–90. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..586D. doi:10.1038/nature02944. PMID 15457265.
^ Voisin, V.; Rassart, E. (2007). "Complete genome sequences of the two viral variants of the Graffi MuLV: phylogenetic relationship with other murine leukemia retroviruses". Virology. 361 (2): 335–347. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.045. PMID 17208267.
^ Skasko, M.; Weiss, K.; Reynolds, H.; Jamburuthugoda, V.; Lee, K.; Kim, B. (2005). "Mechanistic differences in RNA-dependent DNA polymerization and fidelity between murine leukemia virus and HIV-1 reverse transcriptases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (13): 12190–12200. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412859200. PMC 1752212. PMID 15644314.

External links

A comparison of MLV vectors with other clinical gene transfer vectors
Murine leukemia virus (MLV) replication monitored with fluorescent proteins

English Journal

Expression of moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase in a cell-free protein expression system.

Katano Y1, Hisayoshi T1, Kuze I1, Okano H1, Ito M2, Nishigaki K3,4, Takita T1, Yasukawa K5.
Biotechnology letters.Biotechnol Lett.2016 Apr 6. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: To characterize Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) reverse transcriptases (RTs) expressed in a cell-free system and in Escherichia coli.RESULTS: We previously expressed MMLV RT using an E. coli expression system and generated a highly thermostable quadruple variant MM4 (E286R/E302K/L435
PMID 27053084

Preparation and characterization of the RNase H domain of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase.

Nishimura K1, Yokokawa K1, Hisayoshi T1, Fukatsu K1, Kuze I1, Konishi A1, Mikami B2, Kojima K1, Yasukawa K3.
Protein expression and purification.Protein Expr Purif.2015 Sep;113:44-50. doi: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.04.012. Epub 2015 May 7.
Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (MMLV RT) contains fingers, palm, thumb, and connection subdomains as well as an RNase H domain. The DNA polymerase active site resides in the palm subdomain, and the RNase H active site is located in the RNase H domain. The RNase H domain contains
PMID 25959458

Cloning and expressing a highly functional and substrate specific farnesoic acid o-methyltransferase from the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama).

Van Ekert E1, Shatters RG Jr1, Rougé P2, Powell CA3, Smagghe G4, Borovsky D1.
FEBS open bio.FEBS Open Bio.2015 Mar 28;5:264-75. doi: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.03.012. eCollection 2015.
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, transmits a phloem-limited bacterium, Candidatus 'Liberibacter' asiaticus that causes citrus greening disease. Because juvenile hormone (JH) plays an important role in adult and nymphal development, we studied the final steps in JH biosynthesis in D. citri
PMID 25893162

Japanese Journal

Preparation and characterization of the RNase H domain of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase.

Protein expression and purification 113, 44-50, 2015-09
NAID 120005668067

Amino acid substitutions away from the RNase H catalytic site increase the thermal stability of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase through RNase H inactivation.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications 454(2), 269-274, 2014-11-14
NAID 120005522512

1P-089 RNAヘリカーゼを用いた高感度核酸検出技術の開発(酵素学,酵素工学,一般講演)

日本生物工学会大会講演要旨集 66, 39, 2014
NAID 110009906170

Related Pictures

Mmlv Magazines RT-PCR detection of human transcript RNAs. Beta- actin, | Download Scientific Diagram LeGene Biosciences - Reverse Transcriptases Invitrogen™ SuperScript™ IV Reverse Transcriptase 10,000 units Invitrogen M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (200 u/uL) Biotrend M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase, RNase H Minus, Point Mutant: A Cost-Effective Alternative

★リンクテーブル★

「MM」

Murine leukemia virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group VI (ssRNA-RT)
Order:	Unassigned
Family:	Retroviridae
Subfamily:	Orthoretrovirinae
Genus:	Gammaretrovirus
Species:	Murine leukemia virus

　　[★]

[1] Stoye, J. P.; Coffin, J. M. (1987). "The four classes of endogenous murine leukemia virus: structural relationships and potential for recombination". Journal of Virology. 61 (9): 2659–2669. PMC 255766. PMID 3039159.

[2] Coffin, J. M.; Stoye, J. P.; Frankel, W. N. (1989). "Genetics of endogenous murine leukemia viruses". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 567: 39–49. Bibcode:1989NYASA.567...39C. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb16457.x. PMID 2552892.

[3] Stoye, JP; Moroni, C; Coffin, JM (1991). "Virological events leading to spontaneous AKR thymomas". Journal of Virology. 65 (3): 1273–85. PMC 239902. PMID 1847454.

[4] Apte, Swapna; Sanders, David Avram (September 2010). "Effects of retroviral envelope-protein cleavage upon trafficking, incorporation, and membrane fusion". Virology. 405 (1): 214–224. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.06.004.

[pmid15003457-5] D'Souza V, Dey A, Habib D, Summers MF (2004). "NMR structure of the 101-nucleotide core encapsidation signal of the Moloney murine leukemia virus". J Mol Biol. 337 (2): 427–42. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.037. PMID 15003457.

[pmid15457265-6] D'Souza V, Summers MF (2004). "Structural basis for packaging the dimeric genome of Moloney murine leukaemia virus". Nature. 431 (7008): 586–90. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..586D. doi:10.1038/nature02944. PMID 15457265.

[7] Voisin, V.; Rassart, E. (2007). "Complete genome sequences of the two viral variants of the Graffi MuLV: phylogenetic relationship with other murine leukemia retroviruses". Virology. 361 (2): 335–347. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.045. PMID 17208267.

[8] Skasko, M.; Weiss, K.; Reynolds, H.; Jamburuthugoda, V.; Lee, K.; Kim, B. (2005). "Mechanistic differences in RNA-dependent DNA polymerization and fidelity between murine leukemia virus and HIV-1 reverse transcriptases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (13): 12190–12200. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412859200. PMC 1752212. PMID 15644314.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

MMLV