リドル症候群(りどるしょうこうぐん、英: Liddle's syndrome)は、遠位尿細管上皮細胞管腔側にあるアミロライド感受性ナトリウムチャンネル(epithelial sodium channel; ENaC)の遺伝子変異により発現抑制不全を起こす症候群で、希少疾患の一つ。
目次
- 1 病態
- 2 分類
- 3 原因
- 4 統計
- 5 疫学
- 6 症状
- 7 検査
- 8 診断
- 9 治療
- 10 予後
- 11 診療科
- 12 歴史
- 13 各国において
病態[編集]
アミロライド感受性ナトリウムチャンネルの抑制不全によって遠位尿細管で原尿からナトリウムを再吸収してしまうため、上皮細胞内ナトリウム濃度が上昇する。その際に電気的勾配によってカリウムと水素イオンが上皮細胞内から尿細管腔へ出てしまう。上皮細胞は仕方が無く、細胞内ナトリウムを血中へ汲み出し、血中カリウムと血中水素イオンを取り込む。従って高ナトリウム血症、低カリウム血症、代謝性アルカローシスになり、高血圧になる。高血圧によってレニン-アンジオテンシン系は抑制されて、血中鉱質コルチコイド濃度も低下する。
分類[編集]
原因[編集]
アミロライド感受性ナトリウムチャンネルの遺伝子異常。変異ENaCが、処理・変性されないため、アルドステロンによる受容体刺激がなくとも、細胞表面で多く発現する。常染色体優性。
統計[編集]
疫学[編集]
症状[編集]
原発性アルドステロン症と同様の症状を呈する。即ち、高血圧、低カリウム血症、代謝性アルカローシスを示す。高血圧は食塩感受性であることがマウスの実験で示唆されている。
検査[編集]
身体所見では高血圧が認められる。 血液検査では低カリウム血症、代謝性アルカローシス、血漿アルドステロン低値、血漿レニン低値、等が認められる。
診断[編集]
治療[編集]
先天異常なので対症療法を行う。アミロライド感受性ナトリウムチャンネルを閉じる薬物アミロライドやトリアムテレンを投与する。
予後[編集]
診療科[編集]
腎臓内科 - 循環器内科
歴史[編集]
- 発見
- 1963年にヴァンダービルト大学のグラント・リドル博士(Grant W. Liddle)によって報告された。
- 病態の理解の歴史的変遷
- 1963年に、原発性アルドステロン症と同様の症状を呈するがアルドステロンは低下している疾患として報告された。
- 原因
- 1994年に原因が確定した。
各国において[編集]
日本[編集]
- 治療
- 日本ではアミロライドは市販されていないので、トリアムテレンを用いる。
腎・泌尿器系の疾患 |
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疾患 |
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糸球体病変
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急性糸球体腎炎 | IgA腎症 | 急速進行性糸球体腎炎 | 慢性糸球体腎炎
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ネフローゼ症候群
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原発性
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微小変化群 | 巣状糸球体硬化症 | 膜性腎症 | 膜性増殖性糸球体腎炎
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遺伝性腎炎
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アルポート症候群 | 良性家族性血尿
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尿細管機能障害
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ファンコニ症候群 | バーター症候群 | ギッテルマン症候群 | リドル症候群 | 尿細管性アシドーシス | 腎性糖尿 | 尿細管間質性腎炎
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続発性腎障害
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膠原病
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全身性エリテマトーデス | 全身性強皮症 | シェーグレン症候群
|
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糖尿病性腎症 | 痛風腎 | クリオグロブリン血症 | アミロイドーシス | 溶血性尿毒症症候群
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腎循環障害
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腎血管性高血圧症 | 腎梗塞 | クルミ割り現象
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泌尿器疾患
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機能障害
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膀胱尿管逆流 | 神経因性膀胱 | 水腎症 |
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先天異常
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多発性嚢胞腎(常染色体優性多発性嚢胞腎 | 常染色体劣性多発性嚢胞腎) | 尿管異所開口 | 重複腎盂尿管 |ポッター症候群
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感染症
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腎盂腎炎 | 腎膿瘍 | 膀胱炎 | 腎結核
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尿路結石
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膀胱結石
|
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腫瘍
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腎細胞癌 | 腎盂腫瘍 | 尿管腫瘍 | 前立腺肥大症 | 前立腺癌 | 精巣腫瘍 | 陰茎癌 |腎芽腫
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性器の疾患
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前立腺炎 | 停留精巣 | 精巣捻転 | 包茎 | 勃起不全
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病態・症状 |
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腎不全
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急性腎不全
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急性尿細管壊死
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慢性腎臓病
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慢性腎不全 | 尿毒症
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尿所見異常
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乏尿 | 無尿 |多尿 |頻尿 |血尿 | タンパク尿 | 尿円柱
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尿閉 |陰嚢腫大
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検査 |
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腎機能検査
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糸球体濾過量 | クレアチニンクリアランス | ナトリウムクリアランス | 尿中ナトリウム排泄率 | 腎不全指数
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腹部X線写真 | 腎盂造影 | レノグラム | 腎生検
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腎・泌尿器系の正常構造・生理 |
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腎臓 |
肉眼解剖
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尿細管
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近位尿細管 - ヘンレのループ(下行脚 - 細い上行脚 - 太い上行脚) - 遠位尿細管 - 集合管 - 腎盤 ( - 尿管)
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腎循環
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腎動脈 - 傍尿細管毛細血管 - 輸入細動脈 - (糸球体) - 輸出細動脈 - 直細動脈 - 腎静脈
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ゲロタ筋膜
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顕微解剖
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ネフロン
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腎小体
|
糸球体
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毛細血管 | 糸球体内メサンギウム細胞 | ボーマン嚢
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傍糸球体装置
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緻密斑 | 傍糸球体細胞 | 糸球体外メサンギウム細胞
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尿細管
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生理学
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アシドーシスとアルカローシス | 膠質浸透圧 | 糸球体濾過量 | 腎血漿流量 | クレアチニンクリアランス
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生化学
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バソプレッシン | アルドステロン | 心房性ナトリウム利尿ペプチド | エリスロポエチン | レニン-アンジオテンシン系
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尿路 |
肉眼解剖
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尿管 - 膀胱 - 尿道
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顕微解剖
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移行上皮
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生殖器系 |
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女性器 |
尿道 - 陰核 - 陰裂 - 陰核亀頭 - 陰核亀頭冠 - 陰核包皮 - 陰核小帯 - Gスポット - 処女膜 - 陰唇 - 大陰唇 - 小陰唇 - 膣 - バルトリン腺 - スキーン腺 - 子宮頸部 - 子宮 - 子宮内膜 - 卵管 - 卵巣
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男性器 |
尿道 - 陰茎 - 陰茎亀頭 - 陰茎亀頭冠 - 海綿体 - 陰茎ワナ靭帯 - 陰茎包皮 - 陰茎小帯 - 陰嚢 - 精索 - 精巣上体 - 精細管 - セルトリ細胞 - 精巣輸入管 - 輸精管 - 精嚢 - 射精管 - 前立腺 - 尿道球腺 - 精巣網 - 精巣
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Liddle's syndrome |
Classification and external resources |
Diagram of the inheritance of the syndrome.
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ICD-10 |
I15.1 |
OMIM |
177200 |
DiseasesDB |
7471 |
Liddle's syndrome, also called Liddle syndrome and pseudoaldosteronism,[1] is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by early, and frequently severe, hypertension associated with low plasma renin activity, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and normal to low levels of aldosterone.[2] Liddle syndrome involves abnormal kidney function, with excess reabsorption of sodium and loss of potassium from the renal tubule, and is treated with a combination of low sodium diet and potassium-sparing diuretic drugs (e.g., amiloride). It is extremely rare, with fewer than 30 pedigrees or isolated cases having been reported worldwide as of 2008.[3]
Contents
- 1 Etiology
- 2 Signs and symptoms
- 3 Diagnosis
- 4 Treatment
- 5 Eponym
- 6 See also
- 7 External links
- 8 References
Etiology[edit]
This syndrome is caused by dysregulation of an epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) due to a genetic mutation at the 16p13-p12 locus. These channels are found at the surface of certain cells called epithelial cells found in the kidneys, lungs, and sweat glands. The ENaC channel transports sodium into cells. The mutation changes a domain in the channel so it is no longer degraded correctly by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Specifically the PY motif in the protein is deleted or altered so the E3 ligase (Nedd4) no longer recognizes the channel. Therefore, there is increased activity of this channel leading to increased sodium reabsorption. The increased sodium reabsorption leads to hypertension due to an increase in extracellular volume.
Liddle syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion.
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Children with Liddle syndrome are frequently asymptomatic. The first indication of the syndrome often is the incidental finding of hypertension during a routine physical exam. Because this syndrome is rare, it may only be considered by the treating physician after the child's hypertension does not respond to antihypertensive agents.
Adults could present with nonspecific symptoms of hypokalemia, which can include weakness, fatigue, palpitations or muscular weakness (dyspnea, constipation/abdominal distention or exercise intolerance). Additionally, long-standing hypertension could become symptomatic.
Diagnosis[edit]
Evaluation of the pediatric hypertensive patient usually involves analysis of blood electrolytes and an aldosterone level, as well as other tests. In Liddle's disease, the serum sodium is typically elevated, the serum potassium is reduced,[4] and the serum bicarbonate is elevated. These findings are also found in hyperaldosteronism, another rare cause of pediatric hypertension. Primary hyperaldosteronism (also known as Conn's syndrome), is due to an aldosterone-secreting adrenal tumor (adenoma) or adrenal hyperplasia. Aldosterone levels are high in hyperaldosteronism, whereas they are low to normal in Liddle syndrome.
A genetic study of the ENaC sequences can be requested to detect mutations (deletions, insertions, missense mutations) and get a diagnosis.[5]
Treatment[edit]
The treatment is with a low sodium (low salt) diet and a potassium-sparing diuretic that directly blocks the sodium channel. Potassium-sparing diuretics that are effective for this purpose include amiloride and triamterene; spironolactone is not effective because it acts by regulating aldosterone and Liddle syndrome does not respond to this regulation.
Eponym[edit]
It is named after Dr. Grant Liddle (1921–1989), a Pioneering American Endocrinologist at Vanderbilt University, who discovered it in 1963.
See also[edit]
Pseudohyperaldosteronism
External links[edit]
- Pseudoaldosteronism at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases
References[edit]
- ^ Liddle Syndrome|url =http://www.uptodate.com/contents/genetic-disorders-of-the-collecting-tubule-sodium-channel-liddles-syndrome-and-pseudohypoaldosteronism-type-1?source=search_result&search=liddle+syndrome&selectedTitle=1~17
- ^ Liddle Syndrome|url =http://www.uptodate.com/contents/genetic-disorders-of-the-collecting-tubule-sodium-channel-liddles-syndrome-and-pseudohypoaldosteronism-type-1?source=search_result&search=liddle+syndrome&selectedTitle=1~17
- ^ Rossier BC, Schild L (October 2008). "Epithelial sodium channel: mendelian versus essential hypertension". Hypertension 52 (4): 595–600. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.097147. PMID 18711011.
- ^ Brenner and Rector's The Kidney, 8th ed. CHAPTER 40 – Inherited Disorders of the Renal Tubule. Section on Liddle Syndrome. Accessed via MDConsult.
- ^ "Liddle Syndrome" (doc). Fact File. British Hypertension Society. 02/2006.
- Urinary system
- Pathology
- Urologic disease / Uropathy (N00–N39, 580–599)
|
|
Abdominal |
Nephropathy/
(nephritis+
nephrosis) |
Glomerulopathy/
glomerulitis/
(glomerulonephritis+
glomerulonephrosis) |
Primarily
nephrotic |
Non-proliferative |
- Minimal change
- Focal segmental
- Membranous
|
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Proliferative |
- Mesangial proliferative
- Endocapillary proliferative
- Membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary
|
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By condition |
|
|
|
Primarily
nephritic,
RPG |
Type I RPG/Type II hypersensitivity |
|
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Type II RPG/Type III hypersensitivity |
- Post-streptococcal
- Lupus
- IgA/Berger's
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Type III RPG/Pauci-immune |
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- Microscopic polyangiitis
- Churg–Strauss syndrome
|
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|
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Tubulopathy/
tubulitis |
Proximal |
|
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Thick ascending |
|
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Distal convoluted |
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Collecting duct |
- Liddle's syndrome
- RTA
- Diabetes insipidus
|
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Renal papilla |
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Major calyx/pelvis |
- Hydronephrosis
- Pyonephrosis
- Reflux nephropathy
|
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Any/all |
|
|
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Interstitium |
- Interstitial nephritis
- Pyelonephritis
- Danubian endemic familial nephropathy
|
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Any/all |
General syndromes |
- Renal failure
- Acute renal failure
- Chronic kidney disease
- Uremic pericarditis
- Uremia
|
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Vascular |
- Renal artery stenosis
- Renal ischemia
- Hypertensive nephropathy
- Renovascular hypertension
- Renal cortical necrosis
|
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Other |
- Analgesic nephropathy
- Renal osteodystrophy
- Nephroptosis
- Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome
|
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|
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Ureter |
- Ureteritis
- Ureterocele
- Megaureter
|
|
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Pelvic |
Bladder |
- Cystitis
- Interstitial cystitis
- Hunner's ulcer
- Trigonitis
- Hemorrhagic cystitis
- Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
- Bladder sphincter dyssynergia
- Vesicointestinal fistula
- Vesicoureteral reflux
|
|
Urethra |
- Urethritis
- Non-gonococcal urethritis
- Urethral syndrome
- Urethral stricture/Meatal stenosis
- Urethral caruncle
|
|
|
Any/all |
- Obstructive uropathy
- Urinary tract infection
- Retroperitoneal fibrosis
- Urolithiasis
- Bladder stone
- Kidney stone
- Renal colic
- Malakoplakia
- Urinary incontinence
|
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noco/acba/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, urte
|
proc/itvp, drug (G4B), blte, urte
|
|
|
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Endocrine pathology: endocrine diseases (E00–E35, 240–259)
|
|
Pancreas/
glucose
metabolism |
Hypofunction |
- types:
- type 1
- type 2
- MODY 1 2 3 4 5 6
- complications
- coma
- angiopathy
- ketoacidosis
- nephropathy
- neuropathy
- retinopathy
- cardiomyopathy
- insulin receptor (Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome)
- Insulin resistance
|
|
Hyperfunction |
- Hypoglycemia
- beta cell (Hyperinsulinism)
- G cell (Zollinger–Ellison syndrome)
|
|
|
Hypothalamic/
pituitary axes |
Hypothalamus |
- gonadotropin
- Kallmann syndrome
- Adiposogenital dystrophy
- CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency)
- vasopressin (Neurogenic diabetes insipidus)
- general (Hypothalamic hamartoma)
|
|
Pituitary |
Hyperpituitarism |
- anterior
- Acromegaly
- Hyperprolactinaemia
- Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion
- posterior (SIADH)
- general (Nelson's syndrome)
|
|
Hypopituitarism |
- anterior
- Kallmann syndrome
- Growth hormone deficiency
- ACTH deficiency/Secondary adrenal insufficiency
- GnRH insensitivity
- FSH insensitivity
- LH/hCG insensitivity
- posterior (Neurogenic diabetes insipidus)
- general
- Empty sella syndrome
- Pituitary apoplexy
- Sheehan's syndrome
- Lymphocytic hypophysitis
|
|
|
Thyroid |
Hypothyroidism |
- Iodine deficiency
- Cretinism
- Congenital hypothyroidism
- Myxedema
- Euthyroid sick syndrome
|
|
Hyperthyroidism |
- Hyperthyroxinemia
- Thyroid hormone resistance
- Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia
- Hashitoxicosis
- Thyrotoxicosis factitia
- Graves' disease
|
|
Thyroiditis |
- Acute infectious
- Subacute
- De Quervain's
- Subacute lymphocytic
- Autoimmune/chronic
- Hashimoto's
- Postpartum
- Riedel's
|
|
Goitre |
- Endemic goitre
- Toxic nodular goitre
- Toxic multinodular goiter
|
|
|
Parathyroid |
Hypoparathyroidism |
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
|
|
Hyperparathyroidism |
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Osteitis fibrosa cystica
|
|
|
Adrenal |
Hyperfunction |
- aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism
- Conn syndrome
- Bartter syndrome
- Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism
- AME
- Liddle's syndrome
- 17α CAH
- cortisol: Cushing's syndrome (Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome)
- sex hormones: 21α CAH
- 11β CAH
|
|
Hypofunction/
Adrenal insufficiency
(Addison's, WF) |
- aldosterone: Hypoaldosteronism
|
|
|
Gonads |
- ovarian: Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Premature ovarian failure
- testicular: enzymatic
- 5α-reductase deficiency
- 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
- aromatase excess syndrome)
- Androgen receptor (Androgen insensitivity syndrome
- general: Hypogonadism (Delayed puberty)
- Hypergonadism
- Hypoandrogenism
- Hypoestrogenism
- Hyperandrogenism
- Hyperestrogenism
|
|
|
Height |
- Dwarfism/Short stature
- Midget
- Laron syndrome
- Psychosocial
- Ateliosis
- Gigantism
|
|
Multiple |
- Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome multiple
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia
- Progeria
- Werner syndrome
- Acrogeria
- Metageria
- Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome
|
|
|
|
noco (d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon
|
proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)
|
|
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