This article is about the species Lens culinaris. For the meaning of "lentil" in Indian English, see pulse (legume). For the toor (sometimes called "lentil" in Indian English and "Masoor daal" in Hindi), see pigeon pea.
| Lentil |
|
| Lentils |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Plantae |
| (unranked): |
Angiosperms |
| (unranked): |
Eudicots |
| (unranked): |
Rosids |
| Order: |
Fabales |
| Family: |
Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: |
Faboideae |
| Tribe: |
Vicieae |
| Genus: |
Lens |
| Species: |
L. culinaris |
| Binomial name |
Lens culinaris
Medikus |
The lentil (Lens culinaris) (International Feed Number, 5-02-506) is an edible pulse. It is a bushy annual plant of the legume family, grown for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about 40 centimeters (16 in) tall and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each.
Contents
- 1 Background
- 2 Types
- 3 Nutritional value and health benefits
- 4 Production
- 5 Diseases
- 6 In culture
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
- 10 External links
Background[edit]
Lentil plants in the field before flowering
Lentils have been part of the human diet since the aceramic (before pottery) Neolithic times, being one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. Archeological evidence shows they were eaten 9,500 to 13,000 years ago.[1]
Lentil colors range from yellow to red-orange to green, brown and black.[1] Lentils also vary in size (e.g. Masoor lentils, shown in photos here), and are sold in many forms, with or without the skins, whole or split.
Types[edit]
Illustration of the lentil plant, 1885
- Brown/Spanish pardina
- French green/puy lentils (dark speckled blue-green)
- Green
- Black/beluga
- Yellow/tan lentils (red inside)
- Red Chief (decorticated yellow lentils)
- Eston Green (Small green)
- Richlea (medium green)
- Laird (large green)
- Petite Golden (decorticated lentils)
- Masoor (brown-skinned lentils which are orange inside)
- Petite crimson/red (decorticated masoor lentils)
- Macachiados (big Mexican yellow lentils)
The seeds require a cooking time of 10 to 40 minutes, depending on the variety—shorter for small varieties with the husk removed, such as the common red lentil — and have a distinctive, earthy flavor. Lentils are used throughout South Asia, the Mediterranean regions and West Asia. They are frequently combined with rice, which has a similar cooking time. A lentil and rice dish is referred to in western Asia as mujaddara or mejadra. Rice and lentils are also cooked together in khichdi, a popular dish in the Indian subcontinent (India and Pakistan); a similar dish, kushari, made in Egypt, is considered one of two national dishes. Lentils are used to prepare an inexpensive and nutritious soup all over Europe and North and South America, sometimes combined with some form of chicken or pork.
Dried lentils can also be sprouted by soaking in water for one day and keeping moist for several days, which changes their nutrition profile.
Lentils with husk remain whole with the moderate cooking; lentils without husk tend to disintegrate into a thick purée, which leads to quite different dishes.[2]
Nutritional value and health benefits[edit]
Lentils, raw (dry weight)
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) |
| Energy |
1,477 kJ (353 kcal) |
| Carbohydrates |
60 g |
| - Sugars |
2 g |
| - Dietary fiber |
31 g |
| Fat |
1 g |
| Protein |
26 g |
| Water |
10.4 g |
| Thiamine (vit. B1) |
0.87 mg (76%) |
| Riboflavin (vit. B2) |
0.211 mg (18%) |
| Niacin (vit. B3) |
2.605 mg (17%) |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) |
2.120 mg (42%) |
| Vitamin B6 |
0.54 mg (42%) |
| Folate (vit. B9) |
479 μg (120%) |
| Vitamin C |
4.4 mg (5%) |
| Calcium |
56 mg (6%) |
| Iron |
7.54 mg (58%) |
| Magnesium |
122 mg (34%) |
| Phosphorus |
451 mg (64%) |
| Potassium |
955 mg (20%) |
| Sodium |
6 mg (0%) |
| Zinc |
4.78 mg (50%) |
Link to USDA Database entry
Percentages are roughly approximated
using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
With about 30% of their calories from protein, lentils have the third-highest level of protein, by weight, of any legume or nut, after soybeans and hemp.[3] Proteins include the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine, and lentils are an essential source of inexpensive protein in many parts of the world, especially in West Asia and the Indian subcontinent, which have large vegetarian populations.[4] Lentils are deficient in two essential amino acids, methionine and cysteine.[5] However, sprouted lentils contain sufficient levels of all essential amino acids, including methionine and cysteine.[6]
Lentils also contain dietary fiber, folate, vitamin B1, and minerals. Red (or pink) lentils contain a lower concentration of fiber than green lentils (11% rather than 31%).[7] Health magazine has selected lentils as one of the five healthiest foods.[8]
The low levels of Readily Digestible Starch (RDS) 5%, and high levels of Slowly Digested Starch (SDS) 30%, make lentils of great interest to people with diabetes. The remaining 65% of the starch is a resistant starch that is classified RS1,[9] being a high quality resistant starch, which is 32% amylose.
Lentils also have some anti-nutritional factors, such as trypsin inhibitors and relatively high phytate content. Trypsin is an enzyme involved in digestion, and phytates reduce the bio-availability of dietary minerals.[10] The phytates can be reduced by soaking the lentils in warm water overnight.
Lentils are a good source of iron, having over half of a person's daily iron allowance in a 100 g serving.[11]
Production[edit]
Worldwide lentil production
Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought, and are grown throughout the world. The FAO reported that the world production of lentils for calendar year 2009 was 3.917 million metric tons, primarily coming from Canada, India, Turkey and Australia.
About a quarter of the worldwide production of lentils is from India, most of which is consumed in the domestic market. Canada is the largest export producer of lentils in the world and Saskatchewan is the most important producing region in Canada. Statistics Canada estimates that Canadian lentil production for the 2009/10 year is a record 1.5 million metric tons.[12]
The Palouse region of eastern Washington and the Idaho panhandle, with its commercial center at Pullman, Washington, constitute the most important lentil-producing region in the United States.[13] Montana and North Dakota are also significant lentil growers.[1] The National Agricultural Statistics Service reported United States 2007 production at 154.5 thousand metric tons.
Top 10 Lentil Producing Countries
(in metric tons)
| Rank |
Country |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
| 1 |
Canada |
1,510,200 |
1,947,100 |
1,531,900 |
| 2 |
India |
953,300 |
1,031,600 |
943,800 |
| 3 |
Turkey |
302,181 |
447,400 |
405,952 |
| 4 |
Australia |
143,000 |
140,000 |
379,659 |
| 5 |
United States |
265,079 |
392,600 |
214,640 |
| 6 |
Nepal |
147,725 |
151,757 |
206,869 |
| 7 |
China |
120,000 |
125,000 |
150,000 |
| 8 |
Syria |
102,461 |
77,328 |
112,470 |
| 9 |
Iran |
83,985 |
100,174 |
98,516 |
| 10 |
Ethiopia |
94,773 |
123,777 |
80,952 |
| — |
World |
|
|
4,411,104 |
|
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization [14]
|
Diseases[edit]
Main article: List of lentil diseases
In culture[edit]
The lens (double-convex shaped) is so called because the shape of a lens is basically the same shape as lentils. Lens is the Latin name for lentil.
Lentils are mentioned many times in the Hebrew Bible, the first time recounting the incident in which Jacob purchases the birthright from Esau with stewed lentils (a "mess of pottage").[15] In Jewish mourning tradition, lentils are traditional as food for mourners, together with boiled eggs, because their round shape symbolizes the life cycle from birth to death.
Lentils were a chief part of the diet of ancient Iranians, who consumed lentils daily in the form of a stew poured over rice.
Lentils are also commonly used in Ethiopia in a stew-like dish called kik, or kik wot, one of the dishes people eat with Ethiopia's national food, injera flat bread. Yellow lentils are used to make a non-spicy stew, which is one of the first solid foods Ethiopian women feed their babies.
In Pakistan, lentils are often consumed with Roti/bread or rice.
In India, lentils soaked in water and sprouted lentils are offered to Gods in many temples. It is also a practice in South India to give and receive sprouted peas by women who perform Varalakshmi Vratam. It is considered to be one of the best foods because the internal chemical structures are not altered by cooking.
In Italy, eating lentils on New Year's Eve traditionally symbolizes the hope for a prosperous new year, most likely because of their round, coin-like form.
In Shia narrations, lentils are said to be blessed by seventy Prophets, including Jesus and Mohammed.[16]
In "Cinderella", one of Grimm's Fairy Tales, Cinderella's stepmother assigns to Cinderella the task of fishing lentils out of ash. If she succeeds, she may go to the ball.
See also[edit]
- Dal
- Lentil soup
- Moujadara
- National Lentil Festival
- Revalenta arabica, a 19th-century patent medicine made of lentils
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Leah A. Zeldes (16 February 2011). "Eat this! Lentils, a prehistoric foodstuff". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Red lentil recipes". BBC. 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011. []
- ^ Callaway JC (2004). Hempseed as a nutritional resource: an overview. Euphytica 140:65–72.
- ^ http://www.glisonline.com/aminoacids.php
- ^ Randy Sell. "Lentil". North Dakota State University Department of Agricultural Economics. Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ^ http://www.bitterpoison.com/protein/11248
- ^ USDA nutrient database
- ^ Raymond, Joan (March 2006). "World's Healthiest Foods: Lentils (India)". Health Magazine.
- ^ Kawaljit Singh Sandhu, Seung-Taik Lim Digestibility of legume starches as influenced by their physical and structural properties Elsevier, 16 March 2007
- ^ "Effect of processing on some anti-nutritional factors of lentils", J. Agric. Food Chem.
- ^ "Iron: food sources", VRG
- ^ http://www.agr.gc.ca/pol/mad-dam/index_e.php?s1=pubs&s2=spec&PHPSESSID=1d7c05ebd65aa90dd7ff96aba3cc7f64
- ^ Crop Profile for Lentils in Idaho. Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Science, University of Idaho (web site). 2000
- ^ "Production of Lentils by countries". UN Food & Agriculture Organization. 2011. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
- ^ Genesis 25:34, http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm
- ^ Jesus through Shiite Narrations, Chapter: "Preaching of Jesus. No. 63", http://www.al-islam.org/jesus_shiite_narrations/21.htm
Further reading[edit]
- Alan Davidson, The Oxford Companion to Food. ISBN 0-19-211579-0
- S S Yadav et al. Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times. (2007). Springer Verlag. ISBN 9781402063121.
External links[edit]
- Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne
- Lentils – Country Production, Consumption, Exports, and Imports Statistics
- Alternative Field Crops Manual: Lentil
