関: glutamine

WordNet

the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)l
a crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins; important in protein metabolism

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/10 05:34:00」(JST)

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Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q; encoded by the codons CAA and CAG) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH₃⁺ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO⁻ form under biological conditions), and a side chain amide which replaces the side chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group, classifying it as a charge neutral, polar (at physiological pH) amino acid. It is non-essential and conditionally essential in humans, meaning the body can usually synthesize sufficient amounts of it, but in some instances of stress, the body's demand for glutamine increases and glutamine must be obtained from the diet.^[2]^[3]

In human blood, glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid, with a concentration of about 500–900 µmol/l.^[4]

Functions

Glutamine plays a role in a variety of biochemical functions:

Protein synthesis, as any other of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids
Regulation of acid-base balance in the kidney by producing ammonium^[5]
Cellular energy, as a source, next to glucose^[6]
Nitrogen donation for many anabolic processes, including the synthesis of purines^[4]
Carbon donation, as a source, refilling the citric acid cycle^[7]
Nontoxic transporter of ammonia in the blood circulation

Producing and consuming organs

Producers

Glutamine is synthesized by the enzyme glutamine synthetase from glutamate and ammonia. The most relevant glutamine-producing tissue is the muscle mass, accounting for about 90% of all glutamine synthesized. Glutamine is also released, in small amounts, by the lung and the brain.^[8] Although the liver is capable of relevant glutamine synthesis, its role in glutamine metabolism is more regulatory than producing, since the liver takes up large amounts of glutamine derived from the gut.^[4]

Consumers

The most eager consumers of glutamine are the cells of intestines,^[4] the kidney cells for the acid-base balance, activated immune cells,^[9] and many cancer cells.^[7]

Medical uses

In catabolic states of injury and illness, glutamine becomes conditionally essential requiring intake from food or supplements.^[10]

Glutamine has been used as a component of oral supplementation to reverse cachexia (muscle wasting) in patients with advanced cancer^[11] or HIV/AIDS.^[12]

Glutamine oral supplementation significantly reduces the risk of systemic infections originating from the gut such as in critically ill individuals and in individuals who have had abdominal surgery. The reduction in rates of infections in these groups of people are due to glutamine improving intestinal barrier function including reducing increased intestinal permeability. Intravenous administration does not appear to produce these benefits, however.^[13]

Supplementation does not appear to have an effect in infants with significant problems of the stomach or intestines.^[14]

Research

In biological research, L-glutamine is commonly added to the media in cell culture.^[15]^[16] However, the high level of glutamine in the culture media may inhibit other amino acid transport activities.^[17]

Structure

Glutamine zwitterionic forms at neutral pH: L-glutamine (left) and D-glutamine

Nutrition

Occurrences in nature

Glutamine is the most abundant naturally occurring, nonessential amino acid in the human body, and one of the few amino acids that can directly cross the blood–brain barrier.^[18] In the body, it is found circulating in the blood, as well as stored in the skeletal muscles. It becomes conditionally essential (requiring intake from food or supplements) in states of illness or injury.^[10]

Dietary sources

Dietary sources of L-glutamine include beef, pork, chicken, fish, eggs, milk, dairy products, wheat, cabbage, beets, beans, spinach, and parsley. Small amounts of free L-glutamine are also found in vegetable juices.^[10]

References

^ Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. C-311. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8. .
^ Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, published by the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board, currently available online at http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes/dri-reports
^ Lacey, JM; Wilmore, DW (Aug 1990). "Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid?". Nutrition Reviews 48 (8): 297–309. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1990.tb02967.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brosnan, John T. (June 2003). "Interorgan amino acid transport and its regulation". J. Nutr. 133 (6 Suppl 1): 2068S–2072S. PMID 12771367.
^ Hall, John E.; Guyton, Arthur C. (2006). Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. p. 393. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.
^ Aledo, J. C. (2004). "Glutamine breakdown in rapidly dividing cells: Waste or investment?". BioEssays 26 (7): 778–785. doi:10.1002/bies.20063. PMID 15221859.
^ ^a ^b Yuneva, M.; Zamboni, N.; Oefner, P.; Sachidanandam, R.; Lazebnik, Y. (2007). "Deficiency in glutamine but not glucose induces MYC-dependent apoptosis in human cells". The Journal of Cell Biology 178 (1): 93–105. doi:10.1083/jcb.200703099. PMC 2064426. PMID 17606868.
^ Newsholme, P.; Lima, M. M. R.; Procopio, J.; Pithon-Curi, T. C.; Doi, S. Q.; Bazotte, R. B.; Curi, R. (2003). "Glutamine and glutamate as vital metabolites". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 36 (2): 153–163. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2003000200002. PMID 12563517.
^ Newsholme, P. (2001). "Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection?". The Journal of Nutrition 131 (9 Suppl): 2515S–2522S; discussion 2522S–4S. PMID 11533304.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Glutamine". Medical Reference Guide. University of Maryland Medical Center. 2011-05-24. Archived from the original on 2009-12-09. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ May, PE; Barber, A; D'Olimpio, JT; Hourihane, A; Abumrad, NN (April 2002). "Reversal of cancer-related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine.". American journal of surgery 183 (4): 471–9. doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(02)00823-1. PMID 11975938.
^ "Glutamine". WebMD. WebMD, LLC. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
^ Rapin JR, Wiernsperger N (2010). "Possible links between intestinal permeability and food processing: A potential therapeutic niche for glutamine". Clinics (Sao Paulo) 65 (6): 635–43. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322010000600012. PMC 2898551. PMID 20613941.
^ Brown, JV; Moe-Byrne, T; McGuire, W (15 December 2014). "Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 12: CD005947. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005947.pub4. PMID 25504522.
^ Thilly, William G. (1986). Mammalian cell technology. London: Butterworths. p. 110. ISBN 0-409-90029-X. Retrieved 2012-06-22. 13 amino acids in Eagle's popular culture medium...are arginine, cyst(e)ine, glutamine...
^ Yang H, Roth CM, Ierapetritou MG. (2011) Analysis of amino acid supplementation effects on hepatocyte cultures using flux balance analysis, OMICS, A Journal of Integrative Biology, 15(7-8): 449–460.
^ Yang H, Ierapetritou MG, Roth CM. (2010) Effects of amino acid transport limitations on cultured hepatocytes, Biophysical Chemistry, 152(1-3):89-98.
^ Lee, W. J.; Hawkins, R. A.; Viña, J. R.; Peterson, D. R. (1998). "Glutamine transport by the blood-brain barrier: A possible mechanism for nitrogen removal". The American journal of physiology 274 (4 Pt 1): C1101–C1107. PMID 9580550.

External links

Glutamine MS Spectrum

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English Journal

The relationship between the violet pigment PP-V production and intracellular ammonium level in Penicillium purpurogenum.

Kojima R1, Arai T2, Matsufuji H3,1, Kasumi T2,1, Watanabe T2,1, Ogihara J4,5.
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Penicillium purpurogenum is the fungus that produces an azaphilone pigment. However, details about the pigment biosynthesis pathway are unknown. The violet pigment PP-V is the one of the main pigments biosynthesized by this fungus. This pigment contains an amino group in a pyran ring as its core str
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Thermal treatments and storage influence milk quality, particularly in low lactose milk as the higher concentration of reducing sugars can lead to the increased formation of the Maillard reaction products (MRPs). The control of the Amadori products (APs) formation is the key step to mitigate the Mai
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Quantitative measurements of binary amino acids mixtures in yellow foxtail millet by terahertz time domain spectroscopy.

Lu S1, Zhang X1, Zhang Z2, Yang Y3, Xiang Y1.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Nov 15;211:494-501. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.079. Epub 2016 May 13.
Terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) combined with chemometrics has been utilized for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of binary mixtures of l-glutamic acid and l-glutamine which have similar chemical structures and properties. The binary mixtures of amino acids were prepared with y
PMID 27283659

Japanese Journal

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「L-グルタミン」

Glutamine
	; L-Glutamine
Names
	IUPAC name Glutamine
	Other names L-Glutamine; (levo)glutamide; 2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	56-85-9
Abbreviations	Gln, Q
ChEBI	CHEBI:28300
ChEMBL	ChEMBL930
ChemSpider	718
EC Number	200-292-1
IUPHAR/BPS	723
Jmol interactive 3D	Image
KEGG	C00303
PubChem	738
UNII	0RH81L854J
	InChI InChI=1S/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10) Key: ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10) Key: ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYAL ;
	SMILES O=C(N)CCC(N)C(=O)O ;
Properties
Chemical formula	C5H10N2O3
Molar mass	146.15 g·mol−1
Melting point	decomposes around 185°C
Solubility in water	soluble
Acidity (pKa)	2.2 (carboxyl), 9.1 (amino)
Chiral rotation ([α]D)	+6.5º (H2O, c = 2)
Pharmacology
ATC code	A16AA03
Supplementary data page
Structure and; properties	Refractive index (n),; Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic; data	Phase behaviour; solid–liquid–gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references

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英: L-glutamine
商: アズクレニンS配合、アズレミン配合、アズレンスルホン酸ナトリウム・L-グルタミン配合、アミグランド輸液、アンスロビンP500、イムノブラダー、エピサネートG配合、おたふくかぜ生ワクチン、グリマック配合、グロリアミン、グロリアミン配合、セダガストン配合、トーワズレン配合、はしか生ワクチン、はしか風しん混合生ワクチン、パラプロスト配合、プロテアミン12、プロテアミン12X、ポドニンS配合、マーズレンS配合、マーズレン配合、メサドリンS配合、ヨウズレンS配合、ルフレン配合、乾燥BCGワクチン、乾燥はぶ抗毒素、乾燥まむし抗毒素、乾燥弱毒生風しんワクチン、乾燥弱毒生麻しん風しん混合ワクチン、アンコーマ、複合エピサネートG
関: グルタミン

「L」

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「glutamine」

　　[★] グルタミン Gln Q, L-glutamine

[1] Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. C-311. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8. .

[DRI-2] Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, published by the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board, currently available online at http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes/dri-reports

[3] Lacey, JM; Wilmore, DW (Aug 1990). "Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid?". Nutrition Reviews 48 (8): 297–309. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1990.tb02967.x.

[Brosnan-4] Brosnan, John T. (June 2003). "Interorgan amino acid transport and its regulation". J. Nutr. 133 (6 Suppl 1): 2068S–2072S. PMID 12771367.

[5] Hall, John E.; Guyton, Arthur C. (2006). Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. p. 393. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.

[6] Aledo, J. C. (2004). "Glutamine breakdown in rapidly dividing cells: Waste or investment?". BioEssays 26 (7): 778–785. doi:10.1002/bies.20063. PMID 15221859.

[Yuneva-7] Yuneva, M.; Zamboni, N.; Oefner, P.; Sachidanandam, R.; Lazebnik, Y. (2007). "Deficiency in glutamine but not glucose induces MYC-dependent apoptosis in human cells". The Journal of Cell Biology 178 (1): 93–105. doi:10.1083/jcb.200703099. PMC 2064426. PMID 17606868.

[8] Newsholme, P.; Lima, M. M. R.; Procopio, J.; Pithon-Curi, T. C.; Doi, S. Q.; Bazotte, R. B.; Curi, R. (2003). "Glutamine and glutamate as vital metabolites". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 36 (2): 153–163. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2003000200002. PMID 12563517.

[9] Newsholme, P. (2001). "Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection?". The Journal of Nutrition 131 (9 Suppl): 2515S–2522S; discussion 2522S–4S. PMID 11533304.

[umm.edu-10] "Glutamine". Medical Reference Guide. University of Maryland Medical Center. 2011-05-24. Archived from the original on 2009-12-09. Retrieved 2014-03-03.

[May-11] May, PE; Barber, A; D'Olimpio, JT; Hourihane, A; Abumrad, NN (April 2002). "Reversal of cancer-related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine.". American journal of surgery 183 (4): 471–9. doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(02)00823-1. PMID 11975938.

[WebMD-12] "Glutamine". WebMD. WebMD, LLC. Retrieved 2015-03-15.

[pmid20613941-13] Rapin JR, Wiernsperger N (2010). "Possible links between intestinal permeability and food processing: A potential therapeutic niche for glutamine". Clinics (Sao Paulo) 65 (6): 635–43. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322010000600012. PMC 2898551. PMID 20613941.

[14] Brown, JV; Moe-Byrne, T; McGuire, W (15 December 2014). "Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 12: CD005947. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005947.pub4. PMID 25504522.

[15] Thilly, William G. (1986). Mammalian cell technology. London: Butterworths. p. 110. ISBN 0-409-90029-X. Retrieved 2012-06-22. 13 amino acids in Eagle's popular culture medium...are arginine, cyst(e)ine, glutamine...

[16] Yang H, Roth CM, Ierapetritou MG. (2011) Analysis of amino acid supplementation effects on hepatocyte cultures using flux balance analysis, OMICS, A Journal of Integrative Biology, 15(7-8): 449–460.

[17] Yang H, Ierapetritou MG, Roth CM. (2010) Effects of amino acid transport limitations on cultured hepatocytes, Biophysical Chemistry, 152(1-3):89-98.

[18] Lee, W. J.; Hawkins, R. A.; Viña, J. R.; Peterson, D. R. (1998). "Glutamine transport by the blood-brain barrier: A possible mechanism for nitrogen removal". The American journal of physiology 274 (4 Pt 1): C1101–C1107. PMID 9580550.

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