Childhood Autism Rating Scale

同

CARS

WordNet

1. take by attacking with scaling ladders; "The troops scaled the walls of the fort"
2. a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin (同)scale leaf
3. an ordered reference standard; "judging on a scale of 1 to 10" (同)scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series
4. relative magnitude; "they entertained on a grand scale"
5. size or measure according to a scale; "This model must be scaled down"
6. the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it; "the scale of the map"; "the scale of the model"
7. a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass (同)weighing machine
8. a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals
9. an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
10. (music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) (同)musical scale
11. a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin (同)scurf, exfoliation
12. remove the scales from; "scale fish" (同)descale
13. reach the highest point of; "We scaled the Mont Blanc" (同)surmount
14. climb up by means of a ladder
15. measure by or as if by a scale; "This bike scales only 25 pounds"
16. measure with or as if with scales; "scale the gold"
17. pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard
18. the state of a child between infancy and adolescence (同)puerility
19. the time of persons life when they are a child
20. standing or position on a scale
21. (psychiatry) an abnormal absorption with the self; marked by communication disorders and short attention span and inability to treat others as people

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《しばしば複数形で》『てんびん』,はかり / てんびんのさら / 《重量を表す副詞[句]を伴って》…の目方(体重)がある / …‘を'てんびんではかる
2. (蛇・魚類などの)うろこ / うろこ状の物;(ペンキ・さび・ふけなどの)爆片 / 〈魚など〉‘の'うろこを取る;…‘の'皮をはぐ / (…から)〈ペンキなどの薄泰〉‘を'そぎ取る《+『名』+『off』(『from』)+『名』》 / (…から)〈ペンキなどが〉かげ落ちる《+『off』(『from』)+『名』》
3. 『段階』,等級,階級 / 『比率』,縮尺 / (物差しなどの)『目盛り』 / (目盛りの付いた)『物差し』;温度計,(各種の)スケール / 『規模』,スケール / 音階 / 記数法,…進法 / …‘を'よじ登る / (…に合わせて)…‘を'調整する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …‘を'縮尺で製図(設計)する
4. 『幼時』,子供時代
5. 〈C〉〈U〉（品質・技量などによる）格づけ,評価 / 〈C〉（個人・会社の経済的な）信用度 / 〈C〉(トン・馬力による)(船舶・車)の等級 / 〈C〉(テレビ・ラジオの)視聴率
6. (特に児童の)自閉性(症)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/08 23:24:00」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) is a behavior rating scale intended to help diagnose autism. CARS was developed by Eric Schopler, Robert J. Reichier, and Barbara Rochen Renner. CARS was designed to help differentiate children with autism from those with other developmental delays, such as mental retardation.

Although there is no gold standard among rating scales in detecting autism, CARS is frequently used as part of the diagnostic process. Development of the CARS began in 1966 with the production of a scale that incorporated the criteria of Leo Kanner (1943) and Creak (1964), and characteristic symptoms of childhood autism.,

CARS evaluation criteria

CARS is a diagnostic assessment method that rates children on a scale from one to four for various criteria, ranging from normal to severe, and yields a composite score ranging from non-autistic to mildly autistic, moderately autistic, or severely autistic. The scale is used to observe and subjectively rate fifteen items.

• relationship to people
• imitation
• emotional response
• body
• object use
• adaptation to change
• visual response
• listening response
• taste-smell-touch response and use
• fear and nervousness
• verbal communication
• non-verbal communication
• activity level
• level and consistency of intellectual response
• general impressions

Childhood Autism Rating Scale

This scale can be completed by a clinician or teacher or parent, based on subjective observations of the child's behavior. Each of the fifteen criteria listed above is rated with a score of:

• 1 normal for child’s age
• 2 mildly abnormal
• 3 moderately abnormal
• 4 severely abnormal
  • Midpoint scores of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 are also used

Total CARS scores range from a fifteen to 60, with a minimum score of thirty serving as the cutoff for a diagnosis of autism on the mild end of the autism spectrum.

Initial psychometrics for the CARS were determined using 537 children enrolled in the Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication handicapped Children (TEACCH) program over a ten-year period (Schopler et al., 1980). Fifty-one percent of the children studied scored above the cutoff score of thirty.

Schopler et al. (1980) observed the existence of a bimodal distribution among these scores, leading them to develop criteria to differentiate between those with mild to moderate autism and those with severe autism. Children with a score exceeding 36 and who received a rating of three or greater on at least five subscales were categorized as being severely autistic.

Internal consistency of the CARS was high, with a coefficient alpha of .94 (Schopler et al., 1988), indicating the degree to which all of the fifteen scale criteria scores constitute a unitary phenomenon, rather than several individual behaviors. Inter-rater reliability was established using two raters for 280 cases. The average reliability of .71 indicated good overall agreement between raters.

Twelve-month test-retest data was also collected, with a finding that the means were not significantly different from the first testing to the second.

Criterion-related validity was determined by comparing CARS diagnoses to diagnoses made independently by child psychologists and psychiatrists. Diagnoses correlated at r = .80, which indicated that the CARS diagnosis was in agreement with clinical judgments.

CARS has also been shown to have 100% predictive accuracy when distinguishing between groups of autistic and intellectually disabled children, which was superior to the ABC and Diagnostic Checklist (Teal & Wiebe, 1986).

Validity of the CARS under different settings is of particular importance to the present study. CARS scores of 41 children taken through parent interview were compared to scores derived from direct observation. Mean scores under the two conditions were not significantly different and the correlation of r = .83 further indicated good agreement.

In addition, diagnoses based on parent interview and direct observation agreed in 90% of the cases. The authors suggest that valid CARS ratings and diagnoses can be achieved through parent interview (Schopler et al., 1988).

Of the autism rating scales discussed, the CARS is the only scale used in research with adolescents or adults. Mesibov, Schopler, Schaffer, and Michal (1989) examined the diagnostic ability of the CARS in adolescents and adults with autism. This study compared the CARS scores of 89 individuals before the age of ten (mean age of 8.7 years), with their scores after the age of thirteen (mean age of 15.9 years). Fifty-nine of the original 89 participants were diagnosed with autism before the age of ten, with a mean CARS score of 38.47. For those 59 participants, adolescent CARS scores revealed a significant decrease, with a mean score of 35.54.

Significant improvement in adolescent scores (i.e. significant decreases in abnormal behavior) were found on the imitation, body use, object use, adaptation to change, listening response, sensory response and use, verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and activity level scales. The only score with a significant increase over time was the general impression scale.

It was suggested that a cutoff score of 27, as opposed to 30, be used when administering the CARS to adolescents and adults. This recommendation stemmed from the observation that when the cutoff score was lowered by three points (corresponding to the mean difference in scores between the two age groups), the percentage of individuals accurately diagnosed as autistic before age ten and after age thirteen jumped from 81% to 92%.

Overall, Mesibov et al. (1989) suggested that the CARS is a good screening instrument for adolescents and adults. While Mesibov et al.’s (1989) study provided valuable insight into the course of the disorder over time; the generalization of the use of the CARS on adults based on its results is premature. The mean age of participants in the “adolescent and adult” age group was only 15.9 years. As a result, the study failed to demonstrate the ability of the CARS to diagnosis autism in adults (i.e. individuals over 21 years old). The CARS has been used with adults in clinical settings, but researchers have yet to verify its diagnostic ability with this population.

References

External links

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 自閉症スペクトラム障害の診断 diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders
• 2. 小児における自転車事故の防止 prevention of bicycle injuries in children
• 3. 小児における熱射病 heat stroke in children
• 4. 鈍的外傷による心損傷 cardiac injury from blunt trauma
• 5. 横紋筋融解症の原因 causes of rhabdomyolysis

English Journal

• A Comparison of the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) for the Quantitative Evaluation of Autism.

• Geier DA, Kern JK, Geier MR.SourceInstitute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland.
• Journal of mental health research in intellectual disabilities.J Ment Health Res Intellect Disabil.2013 Oct;6(4):255-267.
• The purpose of this study was to evaluate scores generated from the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), a parent-rated measure, and those derived from professionally completed Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) evaluations. A cohort of 56 participants diagnosed with an autism spectrum di
• PMID 23914277

• Prenatal, perinatal and neonatal risk factors of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A comprehensive epidemiological assessment from India.

• Mamidala MP, Polinedi A, P T V PK, Rajesh N, Vallamkonda OR, Udani V, Singhal N, Rajesh V.SourceDepartment of Biological Sciences, BITS, Pilani - Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Shamirpet (M), Hyderabad 500078, Andhra Pradesh, India.
• Research in developmental disabilities.Res Dev Disabil.2013 Sep;34(9):3004-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.019. Epub 2013 Jun 29.
• Incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is increasing across the globe and no data is available from India regarding the risk factors of ASD. In this regard a questionnaire based epidemiological assessment was carried out on prenatal, perinatal and neonatal risk factors of ASD across 8 cities in
• PMID 23816633

• Environmental enrichment as an effective treatment for autism: A randomized controlled trial.

• Woo CC, Leon M.SourceDepartment of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, University of California Irvine.
• Behavioral neuroscience.Behav Neurosci.2013 Aug;127(4):487-97. doi: 10.1037/a0033010. Epub 2013 May 20.
• Enriched sensorimotor environments enable rodents to compensate for a wide range of neurological challenges, including those induced in animal models of autism. Given the sensorimotor deficits in most children with autism, we attempted to translate that approach to their treatment. In a randomized c
• PMID 23688137

Japanese Journal

• 自閉症におけるメチルコバラミン療法の予備的検討

• 中野 和俊,野田 尚子,立川 恵美子,浦野 真理,高澤 みゆき,中山 智博,佐々木 香織,大澤 真木子
• 東京女子医科大学雑誌 75(3/4), 64-69, 2005-04
• 我々は13例の自閉症患者でビタミンB_<12>(メチルコバラミン:Me-B_<12>)の治療効果をオープン試験で試みた.Me-B_<12>の治療開始時期は2歳3ヵ月から18歳で,Me-B_<12>を25?30μg/kg/day,6?25ヵ月間投与した.IQ/DQによる評価では,治療前は45±5.3(平均±標準誤差)であったが,治療後は52±6.0と有 …
• NAID 110007525610

• Comparison of high-functioning atypical autism and childhood autism by Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Tokyo version

• KANAI CHIEKO,KOYAMA TOMONORI,KATO SEIKA,MIYAMOTO YUKI.,OSADA HIROKAZU,KURITA HIROSHI
• Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences 58(2), 217-221, 2004-04-01
• NAID 10018368881

Related Links

• Childhood Autism Rating Scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) is a behavior rating scale intended to help diagnose autism. CARS was developed by Eric Schopler, Robert J. Reichier , and Barbara Rochen Renner. CARS was designed to help differentiate children ...

• www.patientcenters.com -- Autism Center -- Diagnostic Tools

The Autism Research Institute's Form E-2 Check List; The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Form E-2 is a questionnaire for parents of autistic-spectrum children. It was developed by Dr. Bernard Rimland, director of the Autism Research ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「CARS」
関連記事	「scale」「childhood」

「CARS」

　　[★] 代償性抗炎症性反応症候群

• ((略))(病名)代償性抗炎症性反応症候群

関

compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome

同

Childhood Autism Rating Scale

「scale」

　　[★]

• n.

• 1. (魚・は虫類の)うろこ。(チョウ・ガの)鱗粉。(皮膚の)鱗屑。薄片。(植物)芽鱗、鱗片。(動物)カイガラムシ。(金属を熱したときにできる)薄い酸化膜、スケール。(ボイラーややかんの内側にできる)湯垢。歯石。
• 2. 目盛り、定規、物差し、尺度、基準。(地図などの)縮尺比、縮尺目盛り。階級、等級。規模、スケール
• 3. はかり、てんびん

• vt.
• vi.

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「childhood」

　　[★]

• n.

• 幼児期、小児期

関

infant、preschool、preschool period