アカザ、アカザ属、ケノ・ディウム属、Chenopodium属

関: Chenopodiaceae

WordNet

goosefoot; pigweed (同)genus Chenopodium
includes spinach and beets (同)family Chenopodiaceae, goosefoot family

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/13 09:38:55」(JST)

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"Goosefoot" redirects here. The unrelated smearwort (Aristolochia rotunda) is sometimes called "Mercury goosefoot".

Chenopodium is a genus of about 150^{[verification needed]} species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifications separate it and its relatives as Chenopodiaceae, but this leaves the rest of the Amaranthaceae polyphyletic. However, among the Amaranthaceae, the genus Chenopodium is the namesake member of the subfamily Chenopodioideae. The genus Dysphania is closely related, and contains several species formerly placed in Chenopodium, such as epazote (D. ambrosioides).

In Australia, the larger Chenopodium species are among the plants called "bluebushes". Chualar in California is named after a Native American term for a goosefoot abundant in the region, probably the California goosefoot (C. californicum).

Uses and ecology

Strawberry blite (C. capitatum) leaves are edible, as are the red inflorescences – though they look like fruit, they actually taste like spinach.

Cooked quinoa (C. quinoa) seeds

The genus Chenopodium contains several plants of minor to moderate importance as food crops as leaf vegetables – used like the closely related spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and similar plants called quelite in Mexico – and pseudocereals. These include white goosefoot (C. album), Good King Henry (C. bonus-henricus), strawberry blite (C. capitatum), leafy goosefoot (C. foliosum), kañiwa (C. pallidicaule) and quinoa (C. quinoa). On the Greek island of Crete, tender shoots and leaves of a species called krouvida (κρουβίδα) or psarovlito (ψαρόβλητο) are eaten by the locals, boiled or steamed. As studied by Kristen Gremillion and others, goosefoots have a history of culinary use dating back to 4000 BC or earlier, when pitseed goosefoot (C. berlandieri) was a staple crop in the Native American eastern agricultural complex, and white goosefoot was apparently used by the Ertebølle culture of Europe.

There is increased interest in particular in goosefoot seeds today, which are suitable as part of a gluten-free diet. Quinoa oil, extracted from the seeds of C. quinoa, has similar properties, but is superior in quality, to corn oil. Oil of chenopodium is extracted from the seeds of epazote, which is not in this genus anymore. Shagreen leather was produced in the past using the small, hard goosefoot seeds. C. album was one of the main model organisms for the molecular biological study of chlorophyllase.

Goosefoot pollen, in particular of the widespread and usually abundant C. album, is an allergen to many people and a common cause of hay fever. The same species, as well as some others, have seeds which are able to persist for years in the soil seed bank. Many goosefoot species are thus significant weeds, and some have become invasive species.

Certain species grow in large thickets, providing cover for small animals. Goosefoot foliage is used as food by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera. The seeds are eaten by many birds, such as the yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) of Europe or the white-winged fairy-wren (Malurus leucopterus) of Australia. Goosefoot pathogens include the positive-sense ssRNA viruses - apple stem grooving virus, sowbane mosaic virus and tobacco necrosis virus.

Selected species

Oak-leaved goosefoot (Chenopodium glaucum)

Left: Upright Goosefoot (Chenopodium urbicum)

Right: Maple-leaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium hybridum)

ʻĀheahea (Chenopodium oahuense)

Chenopodium acuminatum Willd.
Chenopodium album – white goosefoot, nickel greens, dungweed, bathua, chandali, chandaliya, fat hen, lamb's quarters, pigweed
- Chenopodium album ssp. amaranticolor
Chenopodium atrovirens – dark goosefoot, pinyon goosefoot
Chenopodium auricomiforme
Chenopodium auricomum – Queensland bluebush
Chenopodium berlandieri – pitseed goosefoot, southern huauzontle, lambsquarters
- Chenopodium berlandieri ssp. nuttalliae (Saff.) H.D.Wilson & Heiser
- Chenopodium berlandieri var. bushianum
- Chenopodium berlandieri var. zschackii
Chenopodium bonus-henricus – Good King Henry, perennial goosefoot, poor-man's asparagus, Lincolnshire spinach, markery
Chenopodium bushianum – village goosefoot
Chenopodium californicum – California goosefoot, Indian lettuce
Chenopodium capitatum – strawberry blite, blite goosefoot, strawberry goosefoot, strawberry spinach, Indian paint, Indian ink
Chenopodium chenopodioides – small red Goosefoot, saltmarsh goosefoot
Chenopodium curvispicatum
Chenopodium cycloides
Chenopodium desertorum – desert goosefoot
- Chenopodium desertorum ssp. anidiophyllum
- Chenopodium desertorum ssp. desertorum
- Chenopodium desertorum ssp. microphyllum
- Chenopodium desertorum ssp. rectum
- Chenopodium desertorum ssp. virosum
Chenopodium desiccatum – narrowleaf goosefoot
Chenopodium erosum R.Br.
Chenopodium ficifolium – fig-leaved goosefoot, small goosefoot
Chenopodium foggii – Fogg's goosefoot
Chenopodium foliosum – leafy goosefoot
Chenopodium fremontii – Fremont's goosefoot
Chenopodium giganteum D.Don – tree spinach

Chenopodium glaucum – oak-leaved goosefoot, glaucous goosefoot
Chenopodium helenense Aellen
Chenopodium hians – Hians goosefoot
Chenopodium hircinum Schrad.
Chenopodium humile – marshland goosefoot
Chenopodium hybridum – maple-leaved goosefoot, sowbane
Chenopodium incanum – mealy goosefoot
Chenopodium leptophyllum – narrowleaf goosefoot
Chenopodium littoreum
Chenopodium missouriense – Missouri goosefoot (sometimes considered a variety of C. album)
Chenopodium murale – nettle-leaved goosefoot
Chenopodium nitrariaceum (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. – nitre goosefoot
Chenopodium nuttalliae – huauzontle
Chenopodium oahuense – ʻĀheahea (Hawaiʻi)
Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex W.D.J.Koch – grey goosefoot
Chenopodium pallidicaule – kañiwa
Chenopodium polyspermum – many-seeded goosefoot
- Chenopodium polyspermum var. acutifolium
Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. – pale goosefoot, desert goosefoot, narrowleaf goosefoot
Chenopodium probstii Aellen
Chenopodium purpurascens – purple goosefoot
Chenopodium quinoa – quinoa
Chenopodium retusum
Chenopodium rubrum – red goosefoot, coastblite goosefoot
Chenopodium salinum – Rocky Mountain goosefoot
Chenopodium simplex – giantseed goosefoot
Chenopodium standleyanum – Standley's goosefoot
Chenopodium strictum Roth
Chenopodium subglabrum – smooth arid goosefoot, smooth goosefoot
Chenopodium suecicum – green goosefoot
Chenopodium truncatum
Chenopodium urbicum – upright goosefoot
Chenopodium × variabile (C. album × C. berlandieri)
Chenopodium vulvaria – stinking goosefoot, notchweed
Chenopodium watsonii – Watson's goosefoot

Formerly placed here:

Dysphania, all glandular species (as C. botrys, C. carinatum, C. cristatum, C. melanocarpum, C. multifidium, C. pumilio and more)
Rhagodia baccata – berry saltbush (as C. baccatum)
Suaeda australis – austral seablite (as C. australe, C. insulare)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chenopodium

English Journal

Impacts of manganese mining activity on the environment: interactions among soil, plants, and arbuscular mycorrhiza.

Rivera-Becerril F, Juárez-Vázquez LV, Hernández-Cervantes SC, Acevedo-Sandoval OA, Vela-Correa G, Cruz-Chávez E, Moreno-Espíndola IP, Esquivel-Herrera A, de León-González F.SourceDepartamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México, DF, Mexico, frivera@correo.xoc.uam.mx.
Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.2013 Feb;64(2):219-27. doi: 10.1007/s00244-012-9827-7. Epub 2012 Nov 4.
The mining district of Molango in the Hidalgo State, Mexico, possesses one of the largest deposits of manganese (Mn) ore in the world. This research assessed the impacts of Mn mining activity on the environment, particularly the interactions among soil, plants, and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) at a lo
PMID 23124167

Mapping of fluoride endemic area and assessment of F(-1) accumulation in soil and vegetation.

Saini P, Khan S, Baunthiyal M, Sharma V.SourceDepartment of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith, Dist. Tonk (Raj), Newai Tehsil, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
Environmental monitoring and assessment.Environ Monit Assess.2013 Feb;185(2):2001-8. doi: 10.1007/s10661-012-2683-0. Epub 2012 May 26.
The prevalence of fluorosis is mainly due to the consumption of more fluoride (F(-1)) through drinking water, vegetables, and crops. The objective of the study was mapping of F(-1) endemic area of Newai Tehsil, Tonk district, Rajasthan, India. For the present study, water, soil (0-45 cm), and veget
PMID 22638723

The Benyvirus RNA Silencing Suppressor Is Essential for Long-Distance Movement, Requires Both Zinc-Finger and NoLS Basic Residues but Not a Nucleolar Localization for Its Silencing-Suppression Activity.

Chiba S, Hleibieh K, Delbianco A, Klein E, Ratti C, Ziegler-Graff V, Bouzoubaa S, Gilmer D.AbstractThe RNA silencing-suppression properties of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and Beet soil-borne mosaic virus (BSBMV) cysteine-rich p14 proteins have been investigated. Suppression of RNA silencing activities were made evident using viral infection of silenced Nicotiana benthamiana 16C, N. benthamiana agroinfiltrated with green fluorescent protein (GFP), and GF-FG hairpin triggers supplemented with viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) constructs or using complementation of a silencing-suppressor-defective BNYVV virus in Chenopodium quinoa. Northern blot analyses of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in agroinfiltration tests revealed reduced amounts of siRNA, especially secondary siRNA, suggesting that benyvirus VSR act downstream of the siRNA production. Using confocal laser-scanning microscopy imaging of infected protoplasts expressing functional p14 protein fused to an enhanced GFP reporter, we showed that benyvirus p14 accumulated in the nucleolus and the cytoplasm independently of other viral factors. Site-directed mutagenesis showed the importance of the nucleolar localization signal embedded in a C4 zinc-finger domain in the VSR function and intrinsic stability of the p14 protein. Conversely, RNA silencing suppression appeared independent of the nucleolar localization of the protein, and a correlation between BNYVV VSR expression and long-distance movement was established.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.Mol Plant Microbe Interact.2013 Feb;26(2):168-81. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-06-12-0142-R.
The RNA silencing-suppression properties of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and Beet soil-borne mosaic virus (BSBMV) cysteine-rich p14 proteins have been investigated. Suppression of RNA silencing activities were made evident using viral infection of silenced Nicotiana benthamiana 16C, N. be
PMID 23013437

Japanese Journal

土壌水分，地温および播種深度がキノアの出芽に及ぼす影響

磯部勝孝,石原雅代,西海陽介 [他],宮川尚之,肥後昌男,鳥越洋一
日本作物学会紀事 84(1), 17-21, 2015
播種時期の違いによる出芽率が異なる原因を明らかにするため，播種時の土壌の水ポテンシャル，気温並びに播種深度違いがキノアの出芽に及ぼす影響を明らかにした．圃場実験では6月，8月および10月にキノアの種子を播種したところ，8月播種区は他の区に比べ出芽率が低かった．8月播種区では他の区に比べ播種後の土壌の水ポテンシャルと温度が高く推移した．しかし，人工気象室のポット試験では20℃から34℃の範囲では最終 …
NAID 130004829741

巨大津波直後の海岸林に生じた多様な立地の植生の変化 : 3年間の記録(保全情報,<特集>東日本大震災と砂浜海岸エコトーン植生 : 津波による攪乱とその後の回復)

菅野洋,平吹喜彦,杉山多喜子,富田瑞樹,原慶太郎
保全生態学研究 19(2), 201-220, 2014-11-30
東北地方太平洋沖地震(2011年3月11日)によって発生した津波によって、仙台湾岸の海岸林は大きく破壊・攪乱された。我々は、津波攪乱後の植生の変化を捉えるために、津波後も高木層が残存した林分(残存林)、津波によって樹木がなぎ倒された林分(倒壊林)、表層が攪乱され裸地状態となった場所(表層露出地)及びヨシが優占する湿地(湿性地)といった多様な立地環境(小規模ハビタット)において、2011年から201 …
NAID 110009892615

Alien plants collected or confirmed on the islands of Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup on the 2009–2012 Botanical Expeditions

Fukuda Tomoko,Alelsandr A. Taran,Sato Hiroyuki,kato Yukie,Tkakahashi Hideki
北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 7, 8-26, 2014-03-31
… var.vulgare, Echium vulgare L., Symphytum ×uplandicum Nyman, Brassica napus L., Cakile edentula(Bigelow) Hook., Saponaria officinalis L., Chenopodium ficifolium Sm., Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. …
NAID 120005418106

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アカザ属」「アカザ」「ケノポディウム属」「Chenopodiaceae」
拡張検索	「Chenopodium属」

「アカザ属」

Chenopodium
	Many-seeded Goosefoot; (Chenopodium polyspermum)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Core eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Amaranthaceae
Subfamily:	Chenopodioideae
Genus:	Chenopodium
Species
	Many, see text

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「Chenopodium属」

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Chenopodium