Arecaceae

ヤシ科

関

coco、coconut、Cocos nucifera

WordNet

1. tall palm tree bearing coconuts as fruits; widely planted throughout the tropics (同)coconut_palm, coco_palm, coco, cocoa palm, coconut tree, Cocos_nucifera
2. large hard-shelled oval nut with a fibrous husk containing thick white meat surrounding a central cavity filled (when fresh) with fluid or milk (同)cocoanut
3. the edible white meat of a coconut; often shredded for use in e.g. cakes and curries (同)coconut meat

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. =coconut palm

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/21 14:21:19」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

ヤシ目・ヤシ科
ココヤシ Cocos nucifera
分類
界 : 植物界 Plantae 門 : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta 綱 : 単子葉植物綱 Liliopsida 目 : ヤシ目 Arecales 科 : ヤシ科 Arecaceae
学名
Arecales Bromhead Arecaceae Schultz-Schultzenstein
シノニム
Palmaceae
和名
ヤシ（椰子）
英名
palm, palm tree
亜科
アレカヤシ亜科 Arecoideae トウ亜科 Calamoideae ケロクシロン亜科 Ceroxyloideae タリポットヤシ亜 Coryphoideae ニッパヤシ亜科 Nypoideae

アムボレラ目 スイレン目 アウストロバイレヤ目 センリョウ目 カネラ目 コショウ目 クスノキ目 モクレン目 ショウブ目 オモダカ目 ヤマノイモ目 タコノキ目 ユリ目 キジカクシ目 ダシポゴン科 ヤシ目 イネ目 ツユクサ目 ショウガ目 マツモ目 キンポウゲ目 アワブキ科 ヤマモガシ目 ツゲ目 ヤマグルマ目 グンネラ目 ハマビシ目 ニシキギ目 キントラノオ目 カタバミ目 マメ目 バラ目 ウリ目 ブナ目 フウロソウ目 フトモモ目 クロッソソマ目 ムクロジ目 フエルテア目 アブラナ目 アオイ目 ブドウ目 ユキノシタ目 ビワモドキ科 ベルベリドプシス目 ビャクダン目 ナデシコ目 ミズキ目 ツツジ目 ガリア目 リンドウ目 シソ目 ナス目 モチノキ目 セリ目 キク目 マツムシソウ目

APG III

ヤシ（椰子）は、単子葉植物ヤシ目 ヤシ科に属する植物の総称である。熱帯地方に多く、独特の樹型で知られている。実用価値の高いものが多く含まれる。

特徴

ヤシは、単子葉植物ヤシ科に属する植物を広く指して言う呼称である。単子葉植物としては珍しく木本であり、幹は木化して太くなる。大きいものでは30mにも達するが、茎が立ち上がらないものや、草本並みの大きさのものもある。

葉は羽状複葉か掌状に裂け、基部は茎を抱き、鞘が茎を包んだり、繊維を茎にまといつかせる。茎に沿って多数の葉を並べるものもあるが、茎の先端部に輪生状に葉が集まるものが多く、ソテツ類に似た独特の樹型を見せる。

花は小型で、穂になって生じる。花序の基部には包がある。花びらは小型。

熱帯地方を中心に253属、約3333種がある。日本には7種ほどが自生、または自生状態で見られる。しかし、観葉植物として栽培される種が多く、見かける種数ははるかに多い。

利用

古来より、多くの種が、さまざまな方法で利用されている。

食用など

• ココヤシの果実内部に溜まった水（液状胚乳）は飲用になる他、ナタ・デ・ココの原料となる。固形胚乳の層はココナッツとして食用にする。水分とともに砕いて乳液状にしたものはココナッツミルクと呼ばれる。
• ナツメヤシの果実は生食される他、ドライフルーツやジュース、蒸留酒の原料としてさまざまに利用される。
• アサイーの果実はジュースやスムージーとして利用される。
• サラクの果実は生食される他、砂糖煮などに加工される。
• チョンタドゥーロの果実は砂糖煮にする他、実野菜として茹でたり、スープ、キャセロール料理に用いられる。
• サゴヤシは幹の内部にでんぷんを貯蔵しており、これが食料として利用される。パプアニューギニアのサクサクはその一例である。
• アブラヤシは、果実から取れる油を工業原料、食用のパーム油として用いる。
• ロウヤシからは食品添加物のカルナウバワックスが採取される。
• ココヤシやアサイーなどの成長点はハート・オブ・パーム（ヤシの芽、パルミート）と呼ばれ、野菜としてサラダなどに利用される。
• ナツメヤシ、ココヤシ、サゴヤシなどの樹液を煮詰めるとパームシュガーができる。また、樹液を醗酵させて酒を作ることもできる。
• パルミラヤシ（ウチワヤシ、オウギヤシ）は「砂糖ヤシ」とも呼ばれ、果実の内側のゼリー状部分を生食やシロップ漬け、砂糖煮や缶詰などにする。また、花穂を切り落とした後に竹筒を挿し込み集めた花序液はそのままヤシジュースとして飲用する他、煮詰めて砂糖（パームシュガー）を生成する、花序液を醗酵させて作る椰子酒（パルミラヤシワイン）やビールや蒸留酒、酢などの原料に利用する。

園芸

• ヤシの独特の樹型はいかにも熱帯的な印象があり、温暖な地方では街路樹として用いられる。本州南岸以南では、カナリーヤシ（フェニックス）・シンノウヤシ・ワシントンヤシ（ワシントニアパーム）がよく街路樹として用いられ、特に観光地では南国ムードを高めるために頻繁に使用される。
• 小型種ではチャメドレア属などが観葉植物として室内で栽培されるものが多い。カンノンチク、シュロチクは古典園芸植物として、江戸時代から様々な品種が栽培された。大正・昭和期には投機の対象となり、何度かブームを起こしている。

薬用など

• ビンロウは果実を染料として利用するほか、キンマの葉とともに噛んで嗜好品とする。中華人民共和国湖南省では、煮て甘草などで味付けし、虫下しの効果がある嗜好品としている。
• ノコギリパルメット（ソー・パルメット）の果実はインディアンが強壮作用のある食料として用いていたが、エキスには前立腺肥大の抑制作用があることが知られている。
• キリンケツヤシ（Daemonorops draco）の実を加工したものを麒麟竭（きりんけつ）といい、漢方薬に用いるほか、民間薬としては外用にも用いるという。

建材、工芸材料など

• 大きくなるものは、幹が建材等に利用される。また、ココヤシ、ニッパヤシなどの大型種の葉は、屋根を葺くのにも使われる。そのほか、傘や帽子、団扇などに直接加工することも広く行われる。
• 葉の丈夫な種では、引き裂いてひもや繊維とすることも行われる。シュロなどでは、葉の基部から生じる繊維状の毛を縄、ほうきなどの材料とする。
• ココヤシなどの果実の殻は調理器具などに加工される。
• つる性のトウ（籐）は籐細工として家具などにされる。
• オウギヤシ、タリポットヤシの葉は東南アジアや南アジアにおいては、仏教の写経をする際の紙代わりとして使われてきた歴史がある。また、仏教やヒンドゥー教、時にはイスラム王朝をテーマとした細密画が描かれることもあり、お土産品としても流通している。貝多羅葉、略して貝葉と呼ばれる。

木炭

• ココヤシなどの果実の殻を、水蒸気で賦活し、椰子殻（やしがら）活性炭が作られ、脱臭、タバコのタール等の除去、浄水、金の吸着分離などに用いられる。また、椰子殻を原料とした木炭であるヤシガラ炭は東南アジア全般で広く製造されている。ヤシ殻の丸まった形では燃料として扱いにくいため、木炭化したものを粉砕し、タピオカ澱粉などで固めてオガ炭のような薪状に成形されて販売されている。

その他

• ヤシの実を穿孔して土笛のようにし、楽器として使用されている。一例として兵庫県神戸市玉津田中遺跡から弥生時代のものが出土している。
• 天然ココナッツ繊維:この繊維をロープ状にして、ほぐして強度をつけ、ラテックスを塗布し固める。通気性が良く適度な硬さがあり、腰痛に良いとされる。
• キリンケツヤシから採った麒麟竭（上述）は赤い色をしており、各種塗料や紙の着色などに用いる。
• スーツのボタン等の装身具に用いられる。

分類・系統的位置づけ

ヤシ科はほとんどの分類体系で、単独でヤシ目を構成する。

新エングラー体系は、ヤシ科が単子葉植物の中で最初に分岐したという説から、ヤシ科が（単独で）属する目を Principes （直訳すると「第一」）と名づけた。

しかしAPGでは、ヤシ目より先にショウブ目、オモダカ目、キジカクシ目、ヤマノイモ目、ユリ目、タコノキ目が分岐しており、ヤシ目は進化した単子葉類であるツユクサ類に含まれる。

分類

亜科・連

ヤシ科は5亜科に分かれ、それぞれがいくつかの連に分かれる。連によっては数十の属が属する。

• アレカヤシ亜科 Arecoideae
  • アレカ連 Areceae - ユスラヤシ Archontophoenix alexandrae、ノヤシ Clinostigma savoryanum、アレカヤシ Dypsis lutescens、ヤエヤマヤシ Satakentia liukiuensis など
  • ココヤシ連 Cocoeae - ココヤシ Cocos nucifera、アブラヤシ Elaeis、チョンタドゥーロ Bactris gasipaes など
  • Euterpeae - アサイー Euterpe oleracea など
  • Geonomeae
  • Hyophorbeae - チャメドレア属 Chamaedorea など
  • Iriarteeae - Socratea exorrhiza など
  • Leopoldinieae - Leopoldinia pulchra のみ
  • Manicarieae - Manicaria saccifera のみ
  • Oranieae - Orania のみ
  • Pelagodoxeae
  • Podococceae - Podococcus barteri のみ
  • Reinhardtieae - Reinhardtia のみ
  • Roystoneeae - Roystonea のみ
  • Sclerospermea - Sclerosperma mannii のみ
• トウ亜科 Calamoideae
  • トウ連 Calameae - サゴヤシ Metroxylon sagu、サラク Salacca zalacca など
  • Eugeissoneae - Eugeissona のみ
  • Lepidocaryeae
• ケロクシロン亜科 Ceroxyloideae
  • Cyclospatheae - Pseudophoenix のみ
  • Ceroxyleae
  • Phytelepheae - 独立亜科 Phytelephantoideae とする説もある。
• コウリバヤシ亜科 Coryphoideae
  • Borasseae
  • Caryoteae - クロツグ Arenga engleri など
  • Chuniophoeniceae
  • コウリバヤシ連 Corypheae - Corypha のみ、コウリバヤシ Corypha umbraculifera など
  • Cryosophileae
  • Livistoneae - ビロウ Livistona chinensis、カンノンチク Rhapis excelsa、シュロ Trachycarpus fortunei、ワシントンヤシ Washingtonia filifera など
  • ナツメヤシ連 Phoeniceae - ナツメヤシ属 Phoenix のみ、ナツメヤシ Phoenix dactylifera など
  • サバル連 Sabaleae - サバル属 Sabal のみ
• ニッパヤシ亜科 Nypoideae - ニッパヤシ Nypa fruticans のみ

主な種

日本産

日本国内には以下のような種を産する。

• クロツグ属 Arenga
  • クロツグ A. engleri（南西諸島・茎は高く伸びず、葉は5mまで）
  • コミノクロツグ （八重山諸島）
• マガクチヤシ属 Clinostigma
  • ノヤシ C. savoryanum（小笠原）
• ビロウ属 Livistona
  • ビロウ・オガサワラビロウ L. chinensis
• ニッパヤシ属 Nypha（一属一種）
  • ニッパヤシ N. fruticans（八重山以南・マングローブに）
• カンノンチク属 Rhapis
  • カンノンチク R. excelsa（まれに逸出・古典園芸植物）
  • シュロチク R. humilis（まれに逸出・古典園芸植物）
• ヤエヤマヤシ属 Satakentia
  • ヤエヤマヤシ S. liukiuensis（八重山特産）
• シュロ属 Trachycarpus
  • シュロ T. fortunei（逸出・縄などの材料）

外国産

• ユスラヤシ属 Archontophoenix
  • ユスラヤシ A. alexandrae
• クロツグ属 Arenga
• バクトリス属 Bactris
  • チョンタドゥーロ B. gasipaes
• パルミラヤシ属 Borassus
  • オウギヤシ B. flabellifer
• トウ属 Calamus
• テーブルヤシ属 Chamaedorea：テーブルヤシ
• ココヤシ属 Cocos（一属一種）
  • ココヤシ C. nucifera
• ロウヤシ属 Copernicia
  • ブラジルロウヤシ C. prunifera
• コウリバヤシ属 Corypha
  • コウリバヤシ C. umbraculifera
• タケヤシ属 Dypsis
  • アレカヤシ D. lutescens
• アブラヤシ属 Elaeis（一属二種）
  • ギニアアブラヤシ E. guineensis
  • アメリカアブラヤシ E. oleifera
• エウテルペ属 Euterpe
  • アサイー E. oleracea
• メトロキシロン属 Metroxylon
  • サゴヤシ M. sagu
• ナツメヤシ属 Phoenix
  • カナリーヤシ P. canariensis
  • ナツメヤシ P. dactylifera
  • シンノウヤシ P. roebelenii
• カンノンチク属 Rhapis
• サバル属 Sabal
• サラカヤシ属 Salacca
  • サラク S. zalacca
• ノコギリパルメット属 Serenoa（一属一種）
  • ノコギリパルメット S. repens
• シュロ属 Trachycarpus
• チャメドレア属Chamaedorea
• ワシントンヤシ属 Washingtonia
  • ワシントンヤシ W. filifera

他にも、有名なものが多々ある。

脚注

関連項目

• サゴヤシ学会

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Arecaceae Temporal range: 80–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Cretaceous- Recent
Coconut palm tree Cocos nucifera.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales Bromhead
Family:	Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
Subfamilies
Arecoideae Calamoideae Ceroxyloideae Coryphoideae Nypoideae
Diversity
Well over 2600 species in some 202 genera

The Arecaceae are a botanical family of perennial lianas, shrubs, and trees commonly known as palm trees. (Owing to historical usage, the family is alternatively called Palmae.) They are flowering plants, the only family in the monocot order Arecales. Roughly 200 genera with around 2600 species are currently known, most of them restricted to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates. Most palms are distinguished by their large, compound, evergreen leaves arranged at the top of an unbranched stem. However, palms exhibit an enormous diversity in physical characteristics and inhabit nearly every type of habitat within their range, from rainforests to deserts.

Palms are among the best known and most extensively cultivated plant families. They have been important to humans throughout much of history. Many common products and foods are derived from palms, and palms are also widely used in landscaping, making them one of the most economically important plants. In many historical cultures, palms were symbols for such ideas as victory, peace, and fertility. For inhabitants of cooler climates today, palms symbolize the tropics and vacations.

Morphology

Various Arecaceae

This grove of the native species Washingtonia filifera in Palm Canyon, California is growing alongside a stream running through the desert.

Whether as shrubs, trees, or vines, palms have two methods of growth: solitary or clustered. The common representation is that of a solitary shoot ending in a crown of leaves. This monopodial character may be exhibited by prostrate, trunkless, and trunk-forming members. Some common palms restricted to solitary growth include Washingtonia and Roystonea. Palms may instead grow in sparse though dense clusters. The trunk develops an axillary bud at a leaf node, usually near the base, from which a new shoot emerges. The new shoot, in turn, produces an axillary bud and a clustering habit results. Exclusively sympodial genera include many of the rattans, Guihaia, and Rhapis. Several palm genera have both solitary and clustering members. Palms which are usually solitary may grow in clusters, and vice versa. These aberrations suggest the habit operates on a single gene.

Sawn palm tree trunk: Palms do not form annual tree rings.

Palms have large, evergreen leaves that are either palmately ('fan-leaved') or pinnately ('feather-leaved') compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. The leaves have a tubular sheath at the base that usually splits open on one side at maturity. The inflorescence is a spadix or spike surrounded by one or more bracts or spathes that become woody at maturity. The flowers are generally small and white, radially symmetric, and can be either uni- or bisexual. The sepals and petals usually number three each, and may be distinct or joined at the base. The stamens generally number six, with filaments that may be separate, attached to each other, or attached to the pistil at the base. The fruit is usually a single-seeded drupe (sometimes berry-like) but some genera (e.g. Salacca) may contain two or more seeds in each fruit.

Coconut palm trees in Boracay, the Philippines

Palmyra palm fruit at Guntur, India

The Arecaceae are notable among monocots for their height and for the size of their seeds, leaves, and inflorescences. Ceroxylon quindiuense, Colombia's national tree, is the tallest monocot in the world, reaching up to 60 m tall. The coco de mer (Lodoicea maldivica) has the largest seeds of any plant, 40–50 cm in diameter and weighing 15–30 kg each. Raffia palms (Raphia spp.) have the largest leaves of any plant, up to 25 m long and 3 m wide. The Corypha species have the largest inflorescence of any plant, up to 7.5 m tall and containing millions of small flowers. Calamus stems can reach 200 m in length.

Range and habitat

Coconut palm trees in Mumbai, India

Palm and sunset in Minoo Island (Persian Gulf)

Palm trees in Cannes, France

Most palms grow in the tropics. They are abundant throughout the tropics, and thrive in almost every habitat they are in. Their diversity is highest in wet, lowland tropical forests, especially in ecological "hotspots" such as Madagascar, which has more endemic palms than all of Africa. Colombia may have the highest number of palm species in one country. Palms are most commonly seen throughout Africa, South America, the Arabian peninsula, South and Southeast Asia, northern Australia, the islands of tropical and subtropical parts of the Pacific Ocean, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and some U.S. states including California, Florida, and Hawaii.

Only about 130 palm species grow naturally beyond the tropics, mostly in the subtropics. The northernmost native palm is Chamaerops humilis, which reaches 44°N latitude in southern France. The southernmost palm is the Rhopalostylis sapida, which reaches 44°S on the Chatham Islands where an oceanic climate prevails. Some palms, such as the Trachycarpus fortunei, grow well under cultivation in temperate climates, some as far north as 50°N in oceanic climates (Ireland, Scotland, England, and the Pacific Northwest, from Oregon to Vancouver).

Palms inhabit a variety of ecosystems. More than two-thirds of palm species live in tropical forests, where some species grow tall enough to form part of the canopy and shorter ones form part of the understory. Some species form pure stands in areas with poor drainage or regular flooding, including Raphia hookeri which is common in coastal freshwater swamps in West Africa. Other palms live in tropical mountain habitats above 1000 m, such as those in the genus Ceroxylon native to the Andes. Palms may also live in grasslands and scrublands, usually associated with a water source, and in desert oases such as the date palm. A few palms are adapted to extremely basic lime soils, while others are similarly adapted to extreme potassium deficiency and toxicity of heavy metals in serpentine soils.

A queen palm

A young Beccariophoenix madagascariensis palm

Two Roystonea regia specimens in Kolkata, India, note the characteristic crownshaft and apex shoot or 'spear'

Palms are a monophyletic group of plants, meaning the group consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants. Extensive taxonomic research on palms began with botanist H.E. Moore, who organized palms into 15 major groups based mostly on general morphological characteristics. The following classification, proposed by N.W. Uhl and J. Dransfield in 1987, is a revision of Moore's classification that organizes palms into six subfamilies.

• Coryphoideae
• Calamoideae
• Nypoideae
• Ceroxyloideae
• Arecoideae
• Phytelephantoideae

A few general traits of each subfamily are listed below.

The Coryphoideae are the most diverse subfamily, and are a paraphyletic group, meaning all members of the group share a common ancestor, but the group does not include all the ancestor's descendants. Most palms in this subfamily have palmately lobed leaves and solitary flowers with three, or sometimes four carpels. The fruit normally develops from only one carpel.

Subfamily Calamoideae includes the climbing palms, such as rattans. The leaves are usually pinnate; derived characters (synapomorphies) include spines on various organs, organs specialized for climbing, an extension of the main stem of the leaf-bearing reflexed spines, and overlapping scales covering the fruit and ovary.

Subfamily Nypoideae contains only one species, Nypa fruticans, which has large, pinnate leaves. The fruit is unusual in that it floats, and the stem is dichotomously branched, also unusual in palms.

Subfamily Ceroxyloideae has small to medium-sized flowers, spirally arranged, with a gynoecium of three joined carpels.

The Arecoideae are the largest subfamily, with six diverse tribes (Areceae, Caryoteae, Cocoeae, Geonomeae, Iriarteeae, and Podococceae) containing over 100 genera. All tribes have pinnate or bipinnate leaves and flowers arranged in groups of three, with a central pistillate and two staminate flowers.

The Phytelephantoideae are a monoecious subfamily. Members of this group have distinct monopodial flower clusters. Other distinct features include a gynoecium with five to 10 joined carpels, and flowers with more than three parts per whorl. Fruits are multiple-seeded and have multiple parts.

Currently, few extensive phylogenetic studies of the Arecaceae exist. In 1997, Baker et al. explored subfamily and tribe relationships using chloroplast DNA from 60 genera from all subfamilies and tribes. The results strongly showed the Calamoideae are monophyletic, and Ceroxyloideae and Coryphoideae are paraphyletic. The relationships of Arecoideae are uncertain, but they are possibly related to the Ceroxyloideae and Phytelephantoideae. Studies have suggested the lack of a fully resolved hypothesis for the relationships within the family is due to a variety of factors, including difficulties in selecting appropriate outgroups, homoplasy in morphological character states, slow rates of molecular evolution important for the use of standard DNA markers, and character polarization. However, hybridization has been observed among Orbignya and Phoenix species, and using chloroplast DNA in cladistic studies may produce inaccurate results due to maternal inheritance of the chloroplast DNA. Chemical and molecular data from non-organelle DNA, for example, could be more effective for studying palm phylogeny.

Selected genera

See list of Arecaceae genera arranged by taxonomic groups or by alphabetical order for a complete listing of genera.

Silhouette of palm trees in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa

Palm trees in Multan, Pakistan

• Archontophoenix—Bangalow palm
• Areca—Betel palm
• Bactris—Pupunha
• Beccariophoenix—Beccariophoenix alfredii
• Bismarckia—Bismarck palm
• Borassus—Palmyra palm, sugar palm, toddy palm
• Calamus—Rattan palm
• Cocos—Coconut
• Copernicia—Carnauba wax palm
• Corypha—Gebang palm, Buri palm or Talipot palm
• Elaeis—Oil palm
• Euterpe—Cabbage heart palm, açaí palm
• Hyphaene—Doum palm
• Jubaea—Chilean wine palm, Coquito palm
• Latania—Latan palm
• Livistona—Cabbage palm
• Mauritia—Moriche palm
• Metroxylon—Sago palm
• Nypa—Nipa palm
• Parajubaea—Bolivian coconut palms
• Phoenix—Date palm
• Phoenix sylvestris—Wild date palm
• Raphia—Raffia palm
• Roystonea—Royal palm
• Sabal—Palmettos
• Salacca—Salak
• Syagrus—Queen palm
• Trachycarpus—Windmill palm, Kumaon palm
• Veitchia—Manila palm, Joannis palm
• Washingtonia—Fan palm

Cuban Royal palm

Evolution

The Arecaceae are the first modern family of monocots appearing in the fossil record around 80 million years ago (Mya), during the late Cretaceous period. The first modern species, such as Nypa fruticans and Acrocomia aculeata, appeared 94 Mya, confirmed by fossil Nypa pollen dated to 94 Mya. Palms appear to have undergone an early period of adaptive radiation. By 60 Mya, many of the modern, specialized genera of palms appeared and became widespread and common, much more widespread than their range today. Because palms separated from the monocots earlier than other families, they developed more intrafamilial specialization and diversity. By tracing back these diverse characteristics of palms to the basic structures of monocots, palms may be valuable in studying monocot evolution. Several species of palms have been identified from flowers preserved in amber, including Palaeoraphe dominicana and Roystonea palaea. Evidence can also be found in samples of petrified palmwood.

Uses

Coconut flowers

Human use of palms is as old or older than human civilization itself, starting with the cultivation of the date palm by Mesopotamians and other Middle Eastern peoples 5000 years or more ago. Date wood, pits for storing dates, and other remains of the date palm have been found in Mesopotamian sites. The date palm had a tremendous effect on the history of the Middle East. W.H. Barreveld wrote:

"One could go as far as to say that, had the date palm not existed, the expansion of the human race into the hot and barren parts of the "old" world would have been much more restricted. The date palm not only provided a concentrated energy food, which could be easily stored and carried along on long journeys across the deserts, it also created a more amenable habitat for the people to live in by providing shade and protection from the desert winds (Fig. 1). In addition, the date palm also yielded a variety of products for use in agricultural production and for domestic utensils, and practically all parts of the palm had a useful purpose."

An indication of the importance of palms in ancient times is that they are mentioned more than 30 times in the Bible, and at least 22 times in the Quran.

Fruit of the date palm Phoenix dactylifera

Arecaceae have great economic importance, including coconut products, oils, dates, palm syrup, ivory nuts, carnauba wax, rattan cane, raffia, and palm wood.

Along with dates mentioned above, members of the palm family with human uses are numerous.

• The type member of Arecaceae is the areca palm, the fruit of which, the areca nut, is chewed with the betel leaf for intoxicating effects (Areca catechu).
• Carnuba wax is harvested from the leaves of a Brazilian palm (Copernicia).
• Rattans, whose stems are used extensively in furniture and baskets, are in the genus Calamus.
• Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil produced by the oil palms in the genus Elaeis.
• Several species are harvested for heart of palm, a vegetable eaten in salads.
• Sap of the nipa palm Nypa is used to make vinegar.
• Palm sap is sometimes fermented to produce palm wine or toddy, an alcoholic beverage common in parts of Africa, India, and the Philippines. It is also drunk, fresh, as neera, and is a refreshing drink that is consumed until sundown, after which it starts to ferment.
• Palmyra and date palm sap is harvested in Bengal, India, to process into gur and jaggery.
• Dragon's blood, a red resin used traditionally in medicine, varnish, and dyes, may be obtained from the fruit of Daemonorops species.
• Coconut is the edible fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera).
• Coir is a coarse, water-resistant fiber extracted from the outer shell of coconuts, used in doormats, brushes, mattresses, and ropes. In India, beekeepers use coir in their bee smokers.
• Some indigenous groups living in palm-rich areas use palms to make many of their necessary items and food. Sago, for example, a starch made from the pith of the trunk of the sago palm Metroxylon sagu, is a major staple food for lowland peoples of New Guinea and the Moluccas. This is not the same plant commonly used as a house plant and called "sago palm".
• Palm wine is made from Jubaea also called Chilean wine palm, or coquito palm
• Recently, the fruit of the açaí palm Euterpe has been used for its reputed health benefits.
• Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) is under investigation as a drug for treating enlarged prostates.
• Palm leaves are also valuable to some peoples as a material for thatching, basketry, clothing, and in religious ceremonies (see "Symbolism" below).

Washingtonia robusta trees line Ocean Avenue in Santa Monica, California.

Palm tree in the Canaveral National Seashore

• Ornamental uses: Today, palms are valuable as ornamental plants and are often grown along streets in tropical and subtropical cities. Farther north, palms are a common feature in botanical gardens or as indoor plants. Few palms tolerate severe cold, however, and the majority of the species are tropical or subtropical. The three most cold-tolerant species are Trachycarpus fortunei, native to eastern Asia, and Rhapidophyllum hystrix and Sabal minor, both native to the southeastern United States.

The southeastern U.S. state of South Carolina is nicknamed the Palmetto State after the sabal palmetto (cabbage palmetto), logs from which were used to build the fort at Fort Moultrie. During the American Revolutionary War, they were invaluable to those defending the fort, because their spongy wood absorbed or deflected the British cannonballs. The sabal palmetto is also the state tree of Florida. Some palms can be grown as far north as the United States' Mid-Atlantic, such as the National Arboretum in Washington, DC, southern Midwest, and even north along the Pacific coast to Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, where ocean winds have a warming effect. Species of transplanted palms have even been known to have survived as far north as Devon. The Chinese Trachycarpus fortunei is being grown experimentally on the Faroe Islands at 62°N, with young plants doing well so far.

Endangered species

Pritchardia affinis, a critically endangered species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands

Like many other plants, palms have been threatened by human intervention and exploitation. The greatest risk to palms is destruction of habitat, especially in the tropical forests, due to urbanization, wood-chipping, mining, and conversion to farmland. Palms rarely reproduce after such great changes in the habitat, and those with small habitat ranges are most vulnerable to them. The harvesting of heart of palm, a delicacy in salads, also poses a threat because it is derived from the palm's apical meristem, a vital part of the palm that cannot be regrown. The use of rattan palms in furniture has caused a major population decrease in these species that has negatively affected local and international markets, as well as biodiversity in the area. The sale of seeds to nurseries and collectors is another threat, as the seeds of popular palms are sometimes harvested directly from the wild. At least 100 palm species are currently endangered, and nine species have reportedly recently become extinct.

However, several factors make palm conservation more difficult. Palms live in almost every type of warm habitat and have tremendous morphological diversity. Most palm seeds lose viability quickly, and they cannot be preserved in low temperatures because the cold kills the embryo. Using botanical gardens for conservation also presents problems, since they can only house a few plants of any species or truly imitate the natural setting. Also, the risk of cross-pollination can lead to hybrid species.

The Palm Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) began in 1984, and has performed a series of three studies to find basic information on the status of palms in the wild, use of wild palms, and palms under cultivation. Two projects on palm conservation and use supported by the World Wildlife Fund took place from 1985 to 1990 and 1986–1991, in the American tropics and southeast Asia, respectively. Both studies produced copious new data and publications on palms. Preparation of a global action plan for palm conservation began in 1991, supported by the IUCN, and was published in 1996.

The rarest palm known is Hyophorbe amaricaulis. The only living individual remains at the Botanic Gardens of Curepipe in Mauritius.

Pest species

Pests that attack a variety of species of palm trees include:

• Raoiella indica, the red palm mite
• Caryobruchus gleditsiae, the palm seed beetle or palm seed weevil
• Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, the red palm weevil, recently introduced to Europe

Symbolism

Main article: Palm branch (symbol)

The palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory in pre-Christian times. The Romans rewarded champions of the games and celebrated military successes with palm branches. Early Christians used the palm branch to symbolize the victory of the faithful over enemies of the soul, as in the Palm Sunday festival celebrating the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem. In Judaism, the palm represents peace and plenty, and is one of the Four Species of Sukkot; the palm may also symbolize the Tree of Life in Kabbalah.

Panaiveriyamman was an ancient Tamil tree deity related to fertility. Named after panai, the Tamil name for the Palmyra palm, she was also known as Taalavaasini, a name that further related her to all types of palms.

Today, the palm, especially the coconut palm, remains a symbol of the tropical island paradise. Palms appear on the flags and seals of several places where they are native, including those of Haiti, Guam, Saudi Arabia, Florida, and South Carolina.

Other plants

Some species commonly called palms, though they are not true palms, include:

• Cordyline australis (Torbay palm) (family Asparagaceae)
• Cycas revoluta (sago palm) (family Cycadaceae)
• Ravenala (traveller's palm) (family Strelitziaceae)

See also

• Fan palm — genera with palmate leaves
• List of Arecaceae genera
• List of foliage plant diseases (Palmae)
• List of hardy palms — palms able to withstand colder temperatures
• Postelsia — called the "sea palm" (a brown alga)
• Palm wine— palmtree wine-making process
• Coconuts

References

• C. H. Schultz-Schultzenstein (1832). Natürliches System des Pflanzenreichs..., 317. Berlin, Germany.
• Dransfield J., Uhl N.W., Asmussen C.B., Baker W.J., Harley M.M., Lewis C.E. (2005). "A new phylogenetic classification of the palm family, Arecaceae". Kew Bulletin 60: 559–569. [latest Arecaceae or Palmae classification]
• Hahn, W.J. 2002. A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Palmae (Arecaceae) Based on atpB, rbcL, and 18S nrDNA Sequences. Systematic Botany 51(1): 92-112.

External links

• Palmpedia A wiki based site dedicated to high quality images and information on palm trees.
• Guide to Palms A collection of palm images, scientific data, and horticultural information hosted by Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami.
• Kew Botanic Garden's Palm Genera list A list of the currently acknowledged genera by Kew Royal Botanic Gardens in London, England.
• PACSOA Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia palm species listing with images.
• Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida, Inc. (PACSOF), which includes pages on Arecaceae taxonomy and a photo index.
• Palm stability

English Journal

• Phoenix dactylifera seeds ameliorate early diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

• Abdelaziz DH1, Ali SA, Mostafa MM.
• Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2015 Jun;53(6):792-9. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2014.942790. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
• CONTEXT: In Arabic folk medicine, the seeds of Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae) have been used to manage diabetes for many years. Few studies have reported the antidiabetic effect of P. dactylifera seeds; however, their effect on diabetic complications is still unexplored.OBJECTIVE: The present st
• PMID 25612778

• Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae): A review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology.

• Peng W1, Liu YJ1, Wu N1, Sun T1, He XY1, Gao YX2, Wu CJ3.
• Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2015 Apr 22;164:340-356. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.010. Epub 2015 Feb 12.
• ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae), widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia, is a popular traditional herbal medicine that can be chewed for the purpose of dispersing accumulated fluid in the abdominal cavity and killing worms. The present paper aims to provide an up
• PMID 25681543

• Unusual linear polysaccharides: (1→5)-α-L-arabinan, (1→3)-(1→4)-α-D-glucan and (1→4)-β-D-xylan from pulp of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), an edible palm fruit from the Amazon region.

• Cordeiro LM1, de Almeida CP2, Iacomini M2.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Apr 15;173:141-6. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.020. Epub 2014 Oct 14.
• A structural characterisation of polysaccharides extracted from ripe pulp of edible buriti, an exotic tropical fruit from Mauritia flexuosa palm was carried out. After fractionation by freeze-thaw treatment of an aqueous extract (BW), a fraction containing a linear (1→5)-α-L-arabinan and a linear
• PMID 25466005

Japanese Journal

• Demography of Oenocarpus bataua and implications for sustainable harvest of its fruit in western Amazon

• Population Ecology 58(3), 463-476, 2016-07
• NAID 40020878513

• Tools to tipple: ethanol ingestion by wild chimpanzees using leaf-sponges

• Royal Society Open Science 2(6), 2015-06-09
• NAID 120005615638

• Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Amazonian (Ecuador) <i>Caryodendron orinocense</i> Karst. and <i>Bactris gasipaes</i> Kunth Seed Oils

• Journal of Oleo Science 63(12), 1243-1250, 2014
• NAID 130004704208

Related Links

• The Arecaceae

Arecaceae (Palmae) The Arecaceae are woody shrubs, vines, or trees comprising about 200 genera and 3,000 species that are further characterized by having large or very large leaves, each with a tubular sheathing base that typically ...

• Arecaceae - Wikispecies

... Arecaceae Subfamiliae: Arecoideae - Calamoideae - Ceroxyloideae - Coryphoideae - Nypoideae - Phytelephantoideae Genera: (184) Acanthophoenix – Acoelorrhaphe – Acrocomia – Actinokentia – Actinorhytis – Adonidia ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「coco」「coconut」「ヤシ科」「Cocos nucifera」

「coco」

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ヤシ、ココヤシ

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Arecaceae、coconut、Cocos nucifera

　

「coconut」

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ココナツ

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Arecaceae、coco、Cocos nucifera

　 　 　

「ヤシ科」

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Arecaceae

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ココナツ、ヤシ、ココヤシ

「Cocos nucifera」

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ココヤシ

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Arecaceae、coco、coconut