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Ancylostoma braziliense is a species of hookworm belonging to the genus Ancylostoma. It is an intestinal parasite of domestic cats and dogs. Severe infection is often fatal to these pets, especially in puppies and kittens. The infection is particularly endemic in the southern United States. It is most often confused with the hamster hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum because of their uncanny resemblance.^[1]

A. braziliense larvae can cause accidental infection in humans called cutaneous larval migration or creeping eruption, which produces severe itching in the skin. It is the most common skin infection in tropical region, particularly along the beaches of the Caribbean.^[2]^[3]

Discovery and history

When A. braziliense was described by Gomes de Faria in 1910, and A. ceylanicum by Arthur Looss in 1911, the two species were regarded as synonymous because of their apparent similarities in almost all respect. Especially in 1913, comparison of specimens from human, dog, cat and lion infections in India led to the conclusion that they were definitely of the same species. In 1915 Gomes de Faria realised that the two were distinct species based on their anatomical structures. Till 1921 the two hookworms were accepted as a two valid species. However, in 1922 Gordon made an exhaustive comparison from specimens collected in Brazil, South Africa and India, and his conclusion was that there were no significant distinction. Other parasitologists were also convinced of this so that the two names were again considered synonymous. In 1951 Biocca made an elaborate study on different hookworms in the collection of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and personal collections. He finally identified the defining characters between the two for classifying them as distinct species, which eventually gained general acceptance.^[4]

Distribution

A. braziliense is endemic in the southern United States. It is also found in a number of subtropical regions around the world, including Central and South America, South Africa,^[5] and southern Asia. In southern Asia, infection is confined to Indonesia, Borneo, and Malaysia.^[1]

Life cycle

Ancylostoma braziliense eggs are passed into the environment through the faeces of cats and dogs. The eggs incubate on warm, moist soil. They hatch into larvae. The infective juvenile penetrate the skin of the host. At this stage, the larvae are present in the epidermis, hair follicles, and glands of the skin, sometimes extending to sebaceous glands where they form coils. Then they migrate to the heart and lung by moving along the blood circulation. In the lungs, the juveniles enter the alveoli and are propelled by cilia up the respiratory tract. From this, the host swallow them and deposit them in the small intestine. They get attached to the intestinal mucosa via the buccal capsule. Here they undergo two successive molts to become sexually mature individuals.^[1]

Pathology

It can cause "creeping eruption" or "ground itch".^[6]^[7] It occurs when the larvae from the faeces of cats and dogs accidentally penetrate the human skin, causing severe itching and skin eruption. In fact it is the most common ailment of tropically acquired dermatitis, particularly along the beaches of the Caribbean. However, humans are not the natural definitive hosts, and therefore, a dead-end for the parasites, and the larvae die after few month without further development.^[8]

Diagnosis and treatment

A. braziliense is difficult to differentiate from other hookworms. Microscopic examination of scatological samples can identify the eggs as they are generally smaller than those of other species.^[9]

Most benzimidazoles are effective. Mebendazole, triclabendazole and fenbendazole are commonly used. Ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate are also effective. The combination of ivermectin 6 μg/kg and pyrantel pamoate at 5.0 mg/kg is 100% efficacious against adult worms in dogs.^[10] Human infection in case of cutaneous larva migrans is treated with oral thiabendazole at 500 mg in 4 daily dose.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Chapman S (2012). "Ancylostoma braziliense". Animal Diversity Web. Regents of the University of Michigan. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
^ Bowman, Dwight D.; Montgomery, Susan P.; Zajac, Anne M.; Eberhard, Mark L.; Kazacos, Kevin R. (2010). "Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans". Trends in Parasitology 26 (4): 162–167. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. PMID 20189454.
^ Feldmeier, H.; Schuster, A. (2012). "Mini review: hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 31 (6): 915–918. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1404-x. PMID 21922198.
^ Yushida Y (1971). "Comparative studies on Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. I. The adult stage". The Journal of Parasitology 57 (5): 983–989. doi:10.2307/3277850. JSTOR 3277850.
^ Minnaar, W.N; Krecek, R.C; Fourie, L.J (2002). "Helminths in dogs from a peri-urban resource-limited community in Free State Province, South Africa". Veterinary Parasitology 107 (4): 343–349. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00155-3. PMID 12163245.
^ Shinkar RM, Stocks R, Thomas E (2005). "Cutaneous larva migrans, creeping eruption, sand worm". Arch. Dis. Child. 90 (10): 998. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.073197. PMC 1720113. PMID 16177155.
^ Tierney, Lawrence M.; McPhee, Stephen J.; Papadakis, Maxine A. (2008). Current medical diagnosis & treatment, 2008. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 1323. ISBN 0-07-149430-8.
^ Brenner MA, Patel MB (2003). "Cutaneous larva migrans: the creeping eruption". Cutis 72 (2): 111-115. PMID 12953933.
^ Lucio-Forster A, Liotta JL, Yaros JP, Briggs KR, Mohammed HO, Bowman DD (2012). "Morphological differentiation of eggs of Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, and Ancylostoma braziliense from dogs and cats in the United States". J Parasitol 98 (5): 1041–1044. doi:10.1645/GE-2928.1. PMID 22394087.
^ Shoop WL, Michael BF, Soll MD, Clark JN (1996). "Efficacy of an ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate combination against adult hookworm, Ancylostoma braziliense, in dogs". Aust Vet J 73 (3): 84–85. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb09981.x. PMID 8660218.
^ O'Quinn JC, Dushin R (2005). "Cutaneous larva migrans: case report with current recommendations for treatment". J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95 (3): 291–294. doi:10.7547/0950291. PMID 15901819.

External links

Ancylostoma braziliense Homepage
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UpToDate Contents

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1. 猫からの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from cats
2. 皮膚幼虫移行症（皮膚爬行症） cutaneous larva migrans creeping eruption
3. 帰国者の皮膚病変 skin lesions in the returning traveler
4. 免疫能の正常な患者における発熱および発疹 fever and rash in the immunocompetent patient

English Journal

Efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewable tablets against naturally acquired intestinal nematodes in dogs.

Rehbein S1, Dorr P2, Bowman DD3, Crafford D4, Kusi I5, Postoli R5, Yoon S6, Chester ST6, Dollhofer D7, Visser M7, Larsen DL6.
Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2016 Feb 15;217:29-35. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.12.032. Epub 2016 Jan 2.
The efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime combination chewable tablets (NexGard Spectra(®), Merial) against naturally acquired intestinal nematode infections in dogs was evaluated in six negative control, blinded studies including a total of 114 dogs. Dogs were selected based on a pre-t
PMID 26827857

Molecular identification of Ancylostoma species from dogs and an assessment of zoonotic risk in low-income households, São Paulo State, Brazil.

Oliveira-Arbex AP1, David EB1, Oliveira-Sequeira TC1, Katagiri S2, Coradi ST3, Guimarães S1.
Journal of helminthology.J Helminthol.2016 Jan 11:1-6. [Epub ahead of print]
Hookworm infection stands out for its worldwide distribution and for its veterinary and public health relevance. Based on copromicroscopic examinations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, we assessed, respectively, the prevalence of intestinal parasites an
PMID 26752269

Japanese Journal

症例報告ブラジル鉤虫による皮膚幼虫移行症の1例

臨床皮膚科 56(2), 176-178, 2002-02
NAID 40020002234

輸入cheetahより得られたブラジル鉤虫Ancylostoma braziliense de Faria,1910について

寄生虫学雑誌 30(4), p355-361, 1981-08
NAID 40000636419

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関連記事	「Ancylostoma」

「Ancylostoma」

Ancylostoma braziliense
	Ancylostoma braziliense, mouth parts
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Secernentea
Order:	Strongylida
Family:	Ancylostomatidae
Genus:	Ancylostoma
Species:	braziliense
Binomial name
	Ancylostoma braziliense; Gomes de Faria 1910

　　[★]

鉤虫、鈎虫、アンシロストーマ、鉤虫属、アンシロストーマ属、Ancylostoma属

関: Ancylostoma caninum、Ancylostoma duodenale、Ancylostomatoidea、hookworm、Uncinaria stenocephala

[chap-1] Chapman S (2012). "Ancylostoma braziliense". Animal Diversity Web. Regents of the University of Michigan. Retrieved 2013-06-30.

[2] Bowman, Dwight D.; Montgomery, Susan P.; Zajac, Anne M.; Eberhard, Mark L.; Kazacos, Kevin R. (2010). "Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans". Trends in Parasitology 26 (4): 162–167. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. PMID 20189454.

[3] Feldmeier, H.; Schuster, A. (2012). "Mini review: hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 31 (6): 915–918. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1404-x. PMID 21922198.

[4] Yushida Y (1971). "Comparative studies on Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. I. The adult stage". The Journal of Parasitology 57 (5): 983–989. doi:10.2307/3277850. JSTOR 3277850.

[5] Minnaar, W.N; Krecek, R.C; Fourie, L.J (2002). "Helminths in dogs from a peri-urban resource-limited community in Free State Province, South Africa". Veterinary Parasitology 107 (4): 343–349. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00155-3. PMID 12163245.

[pmid16177155-6] Shinkar RM, Stocks R, Thomas E (2005). "Cutaneous larva migrans, creeping eruption, sand worm". Arch. Dis. Child. 90 (10): 998. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.073197. PMC 1720113. PMID 16177155.

[isbn0-07-149430-8-7] Tierney, Lawrence M.; McPhee, Stephen J.; Papadakis, Maxine A. (2008). Current medical diagnosis & treatment, 2008. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 1323. ISBN 0-07-149430-8.

[8] Brenner MA, Patel MB (2003). "Cutaneous larva migrans: the creeping eruption". Cutis 72 (2): 111-115. PMID 12953933.

[9] Lucio-Forster A, Liotta JL, Yaros JP, Briggs KR, Mohammed HO, Bowman DD (2012). "Morphological differentiation of eggs of Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, and Ancylostoma braziliense from dogs and cats in the United States". J Parasitol 98 (5): 1041–1044. doi:10.1645/GE-2928.1. PMID 22394087.

[10] Shoop WL, Michael BF, Soll MD, Clark JN (1996). "Efficacy of an ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate combination against adult hookworm, Ancylostoma braziliense, in dogs". Aust Vet J 73 (3): 84–85. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb09981.x. PMID 8660218.

[11] O'Quinn JC, Dushin R (2005). "Cutaneous larva migrans: case report with current recommendations for treatment". J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95 (3): 291–294. doi:10.7547/0950291. PMID 15901819.

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Ancylostoma braziliense