WordNet

infestation of the intestines by hookworms which enter the body (usually) through the skin (同)hookworm_disease
parasitic bloodsucking roundworms having hooked mouth parts to fasten to the intestinal wall of human and other hosts

PrepTutorEJDIC

十二指腸虫 / 十二指腸虫症

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/04/03 13:37:14」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Ancylostoma caninum hookworms in a dog

Hookworms are intestinal, blood-feeding, parasitic roundworms that cause types of infection known as helminthiases. In humans, hookworm infections are caused by two main species of roundworm belonging to the genera Ancylostoma, and Necator. In other animals the main parasites are species of Ancylostoma.

Species

Infective N. americanus larva

The two most common types of hookworm that infect humans are Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus.

Hookworm species that are known to infect cats are Ancylostoma braziliense, and Ancylostoma tubaeforme. Wild cats are infected by Ancylostoma pluridentatum.

Dogs are commonly infected by Ancylostoma caninum.

The only zoonotic hookworm is Ancylostoma ceylanicum that can infect humans and other mammals.^[1]

Characteristics

The two common species that infect humans share a similar morphology. A. duodenale worms are pale grey or slightly pink. The head is bent a little in relation to the rest of the body, forming a hook shape – hence the name. The hook is at the front end of the body. They have well-developed mouths with two pairs of teeth. Males measure approximately one centimeter by 0.5 millimeter, and females are often longer and stouter. Males also have a prominent copulatory bursa posteriorly.^[2]

N. americanus is generally smaller than A. duodenale with males usually 5 to 9 mm long and females about 1 cm long. Instead of the two pairs of teeth in A. duodenale, N. americanus has a pair of cutting plates in the buccal capsule. Also the hook is much more defined in Necator americanus.^[2]

Life cycle

Hookworm life cycle

The host is infected by the larvae, not by the eggs and the usual route is through the skin. Hookworm larvae need warm, moist soil, above 18°C in order to hatch. They will die if exposed to direct sunlight or if they become dried out. Necator larvae can survive at higher temperatures than Ancylostoma larvae.

First stage larvae (L1) are non-infective, and once hatched into the deposited feces feed on this, and then feed on soil microorganisms until they moult into second stage larvae (L2).^[3] First and second stage larvae are in the rhabditiform stage. After feeding for around seven days or so they will moult into third stage larvae (L3) known as the filariform stage. This is the non-feeding, infective stage. Filariform larvae can survive for up to two weeks, they are extremely motile and will move onto higher ground to improve their chances of finding a host. N. americanus larvae can only infect through penetrating skin, but A. duodenale can also infect orally. A common route of passage for the lavae is the skin of barefoot walkers. Once the larvae have entered the host they travel in the circulatory system to the lungs where they leave the venules and enter the alveoli. They then travel up the trachea where they are coughed up, swallowed and end up in the small intestine. In the small intestine the larvae moult into stage four (L4) the adult worm. It takes from five to nine weeks from penetration to maturity in the intestine.^[4]^[5]

Necator americanus can cause a prolonged infection lasting from one to five years with many worms dying in the first year or two. Some worms though have been recorded as living for fifteen years or more. In comparison, Ancyclostoma duodenale worms are short-lived lasting for around six months. However, larvae can remain dormant in tissue stores and be recruited over many years to replace the worms that die.

The worms mate inside the host, and the females lay their eggs, to be passed out in the host’s feces into the environment to start the cycle again. N. americanus can lay between nine and ten thousand eggs per day, and A. duodenale between twenty-five and thirty thousand per day. Their eggs are indistinguishable.

Worms need five to seven weeks to reach maturity and symptoms of infection can therefore appear before eggs are to be found in the feces, making a diagnosis of hookworm infection difficult.

References

^ Traub, RJ (November 2013). "Ancylostoma ceylanicum, a re-emerging but neglected parasitic zoonosis". International Journal for Parasitology. 43 (12–13): 1009–15. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.07.006. PMID 23968813.
^ ^a ^b Markell, Edward K.; John, David C.; Petri, William H. (2006). Markell and Voge's medical parasitology (9th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-4793-7.
^ "Ancylostoma duodenale". Animal Diversity Web.
^ Hotez, PJ; Bethony, J; Bottazzi, ME; Brooker, S; Buss, P (March 2005). "Hookworm: "the great infection of mankind"". PLoS Medicine. 2 (3): e67. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020067. PMC 1069663. PMID 15783256.
^ "CDC Factsheet: Hookworm" Archived 2010-09-04 at the Wayback Machine

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 鉤虫感染 hookworm infection
2. 鉤虫関連皮膚幼虫移行症 hookworm related cutaneous larva migrans
3. 好酸球の生物学および好酸球増多症の原因 eosinophil biology and causes of eosinophilia
4. 犬からの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from dogs
5. 寄生虫感染症の管理のための集団投薬 mass drug administration for control of parasitic infections

English Journal

A scoping review and prevalence analysis of soil-transmitted helminth infections in honduras.

Sanchez AL1, Gabrie JA1, Rueda MM2, Mejia RE3, Bottazzi ME4, Canales M2.Author information 1Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.2School of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras.3National Surveillance Laboratory, Honduras Ministry of Health, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.4National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.AbstractBACKGROUND: Honduras is endemic for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, but critical information gaps still remain on the prevalence and intensity of these infections as well as on their spatial distribution at subnational levels.
PLoS neglected tropical diseases.PLoS Negl Trop Dis.2014 Jan 23;8(1):e2653. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002653. eCollection 2014.
BACKGROUND: Honduras is endemic for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, but critical information gaps still remain on the prevalence and intensity of these infections as well as on their spatial distribution at subnational levels.OBJECTIVES: Firstly, to review the research activity on STH in
PMID 24466359

Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010.

Pullan RL, Smith JL, Jasrasaria R, Brooker SJ.Author information Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Rachel.pullan@lshtm.ac.uk.AbstractBACKGROUND: Quantifying the burden of parasitic diseases in relation to other diseases and injuries requires reliable estimates of prevalence for each disease and an analytic framework within which to estimate attributable morbidity and mortality. Here we use data included in the Global Atlas of Helminth Infection to derive new global estimates of numbers infected with intestinal nematodes (soil-transmitted helminths, STH: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the hookworms) and use disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to estimate disease burden.
Parasites & vectors.Parasit Vectors.2014 Jan 21;7(1):37. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-37.
BACKGROUND: Quantifying the burden of parasitic diseases in relation to other diseases and injuries requires reliable estimates of prevalence for each disease and an analytic framework within which to estimate attributable morbidity and mortality. Here we use data included in the Global Atlas of Hel
PMID 24447578

Diagnostic Accuracy of Kato-Katz, FLOTAC, Baermann, and PCR Methods for the Detection of Light-Intensity Hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis Infections in Tanzania.

Knopp S, Salim N, Schindler T, Karagiannis Voules DA, Rothen J, Lweno O, Mohammed AS, Singo R, Benninghoff M, Nsojo AA, Genton B, Daubenberger C.Author information Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Division for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians University Hospital, Munich, Germany; National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania.AbstractSensitive diagnostic tools are crucial for an accurate assessment of helminth infections in low-endemicity areas. We examined stool samples from Tanzanian individuals and compared the diagnostic accuracy of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with FLOTAC and the Kato-Katz method for hookworm and the Baermann method for Strongyloides stercoralis detection. Only FLOTAC had a higher sensitivity than the Kato-Katz method for hookworm diagnosis; the sensitivities of PCR and the Kato-Katz method were equal. PCR had a very low sensitivity for S. stercoralis detection. The cycle threshold values of the PCR were negatively correlated with the logarithm of hookworm egg and S. stercoralis larvae counts. The median larvae count was significantly lower in PCR false negatives than true positives. All methods failed to detect very low-intensity infections. New diagnostic approaches are needed for monitoring of progressing helminth control programs, confirmation of elimination, or surveillance of disease recrudescence.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.Am J Trop Med Hyg.2014 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Sensitive diagnostic tools are crucial for an accurate assessment of helminth infections in low-endemicity areas. We examined stool samples from Tanzanian individuals and compared the diagnostic accuracy of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with FLOTAC and the Kato-Katz method for hookworm
PMID 24445211

Genome of the human hookworm Necator americanus.

Tang YT1, Gao X1, Rosa BA1, Abubucker S2, Hallsworth-Pepin K2, Martin J2, Tyagi R2, Heizer E2, Zhang X2, Bhonagiri-Palsikar V2, Minx P2, Warren WC3, Wang Q2, Zhan B4, Hotez PJ4, Sternberg PW5, Dougall A6, Gaze ST6, Mulvenna J7, Sotillo J6, Ranganathan S8, Rabelo EM9, Wilson RK3, Felgner PL10, Bethony J11, Hawdon JM11, Gasser RB12, Loukas A6, Mitreva M13.Author information 11] The Genome Institute at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. [2].2The Genome Institute at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.31] The Genome Institute at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.41] Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, USA.51] Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA.6Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.7Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.81] Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. [2] Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.9Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.11Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.12Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.131] The Genome Institute at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. [3] Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.AbstractThe hookworm Necator americanus is the predominant soil-transmitted human parasite. Adult worms feed on blood in the small intestine, causing iron-deficiency anemia, malnutrition, growth and development stunting in children, and severe morbidity and mortality during pregnancy in women. We report sequencing and assembly of the N. americanus genome (244 Mb, 19,151 genes). Characterization of this first hookworm genome sequence identified genes orchestrating the hookworm's invasion of the human host, genes involved in blood feeding and development, and genes encoding proteins that represent new potential drug targets against hookworms. N. americanus has undergone a considerable and unique expansion of immunomodulator proteins, some of which we highlight as potential treatments against inflammatory diseases. We also used a protein microarray to demonstrate a postgenomic application of the hookworm genome sequence. This genome provides an invaluable resource to boost ongoing efforts toward fundamental and applied postgenomic research, including the development of new methods to control hookworm and human immunological diseases.
Nature genetics.Nat Genet.2014 Jan 19. doi: 10.1038/ng.2875. [Epub ahead of print]
The hookworm Necator americanus is the predominant soil-transmitted human parasite. Adult worms feed on blood in the small intestine, causing iron-deficiency anemia, malnutrition, growth and development stunting in children, and severe morbidity and mortality during pregnancy in women. We report seq
PMID 24441737

Japanese Journal

Risk Factors and Spatial Distribution of Schistosoma mansoni Infection among Primary School Children in Mbita District, Western Kenya

Nagi Sachiyo,Chadeka Evans A.,Sunahara Toshihiko,Mutungi Faith,Justin Yombo K. Dan,Kaneko Satoshi,Ichinose Yoshio,Matsumoto Sohkichi,Njenga Sammy M.,Hashizume Masahiro,Shimada Masaaki,Hamano Shinjiro
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8(7), e2991, 2014-07-24
… The prevalence of hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides were 6.1%, 5.2% and 2.3%, respectively. …
NAID 120005477035

症例鑑別が困難であったズビニ鉤虫症の重複感染した肺吸虫症の1例

嶺崎祥平,平間崇,塩野文子 [他]
感染症学雑誌 = The journal of Japanese the Association for Infectious Diseases 87(6), 756-760, 2013-11
NAID 40019903647

鑑別が困難であったズビニ鉤虫症の重複感染した肺吸虫症の 1 例

嶺崎祥平,平間崇,塩野文子,増本愛,三尾友彦,宇津木春枝,内田義孝,加賀亜希子,萩原弘一,金澤實
感染症学雑誌 87(6), 756-760, 2013
… In addition, hookworm eggs were found in the stool. … We diagnosed the patient as having a superinfection with paragonimiasis and hookworm, then administered praziquantel. … The final diagnosis was a superinfection of paragonimiasis and hookworm. …
NAID 130004922130

沖縄島に生息するマングースの内部寄生虫保有調査

石橋治,外村浩幸,佐藤毅史,藤根誠道,川端一幸,角野敬行,我如古創,浅川満彦,小倉剛,砂川勝徳,仲田正
日本野生動物医学会誌 15(2), 87-93, 2010
沖縄産マングースについて内部寄生虫の調査を行った。マングースの直腸糞を用いてMGL法による虫卵検査（n=186）を行い，鞭虫卵（42.5％），鉤虫卵（22.6％），回虫卵（2.2％）およびコクシジウムのオーシスト（81.2％）を検出した。消化管内容物（n=158）から，条虫として<I>Mesocestoides</I> sp.（3.8％）を，線虫として<I>Pr …
NAID 130000823169

Related Pictures

The New York Times > Science > Image > Introduction to Diagnostic Medical Parasitology - Essentials People who give themselves hookworm may be onto something Hookworm Infections in Humans Protein found in hookworm ‘soup’ could fight asthma, other autoimmune diseases CDC - DPDx - Intestinal Hookworm Understanding Hookworms in Dogs – American Kennel Club Infecting healthy adults with hookworm is the next step toward eradicating the infection

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「鉤虫」「Ancylostoma」「鈎虫」「Ancylostomatoidea」「Uncinaria stenocephala」
拡張検索	「hookworm disease」

「鉤虫」

　　[★]

英: hookworm、Ancylostoma
関: 鈎虫、鉤虫属、アンシロストーマ属、Ancylostoma属、アンシロストーマ

[show details]

鉤虫 : 約 37,400 件
鈎虫 : 約 7,680 件

鉤虫 hookworm : 約 2,630 件
鈎虫 hookworm : 約 1,640 件

「Ancylostoma」

　　[★]

鉤虫、鈎虫、アンシロストーマ、鉤虫属、アンシロストーマ属、Ancylostoma属

関: Ancylostoma caninum、Ancylostoma duodenale、Ancylostomatoidea、hookworm、Uncinaria stenocephala

「鈎虫」

　　[★]

ラ: Ancylostoma、hookworm
関: 鉤虫、イヌ鉤虫、ズビニ鉤虫、鉤虫属、狭頭鉤虫、鉤虫上科、アンシロストーマ属、Ancylostoma属、アンシロストーマ

「Ancylostomatoidea」

　　[★]

鉤虫上科

鉤虫上科

関: Ancylostoma、Ancylostoma caninum、Ancylostoma duodenale、hookworm、Uncinaria stenocephala

「Uncinaria stenocephala」

　　[★]

狭頭鉤虫

関: Ancylostoma、Ancylostoma caninum、Ancylostoma duodenale、Ancylostomatoidea、hookworm

「hookworm disease」

　　[★]

鉤虫症、鈎虫症

関: ancylostomiasis、hookworm infection

[Traub-1] Traub, RJ (November 2013). "Ancylostoma ceylanicum, a re-emerging but neglected parasitic zoonosis". International Journal for Parasitology. 43 (12–13): 1009–15. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.07.006. PMID 23968813.

[MedParis9th-2] Markell, Edward K.; John, David C.; Petri, William H. (2006). Markell and Voge's medical parasitology (9th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-4793-7.

[ADW-3] "Ancylostoma duodenale". Animal Diversity Web.

[Hotez-4] Hotez, PJ; Bethony, J; Bottazzi, ME; Brooker, S; Buss, P (March 2005). "Hookworm: "the great infection of mankind"". PLoS Medicine. 2 (3): e67. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020067. PMC 1069663. PMID 15783256.

[5] "CDC Factsheet: Hookworm" Archived 2010-09-04 at the Wayback Machine

匿名

検索

案内

案内

hookworm