| Oculocerebrorenal syndrome |
| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
E72.0 |
| ICD-9 |
270.8 |
| OMIM |
309000 |
| DiseasesDB |
29146 |
| eMedicine |
oph/516 |
| MeSH |
D009800 |
| GeneReviews |
|
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (also called Lowe syndrome) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, hypotonia and areflexia, mental retardation, proximal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, and low-molecular-weight proteinuria. Glaucoma is present in about 50% of cases.
Lowe syndrome can be considered a cause of Fanconi syndrome (bicarbonaturia, renal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, tubular proteinuria, and impaired urine-concentrating ability).[1]
Contents
- 1 Presentation
- 2 Genetics
- 3 History
- 4 Eponym
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Presentation
Because it is an X-linked recessive condition, the disease develops mostly in men with very rare occurrences in women, while women are carriers of the disease. It has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 500,000 people.[2] Boys with Lowe syndrome are born with cataracts in both eyes (the hallmark of the disease). Glaucoma is present in about 50% of the patients with Lowe syndrome, though usually not at birth. While not present at birth, many affected boys develop kidney problems at about one year of age. Renal pathology is characterized by an abnormal loss of certain substances into the urine, including bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, amino acids, organic acids, albumin and other small proteins, calcium, phosphate, glucose, and L-carnitine. This problem, known as Fanconi-type renal tubular dysfunction, can also be seen in other diseases and syndromes.
Genetics
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome has an X-linked recessive mode of inheritance
This syndrome is caused by mutations in the OCRL1 gene which encodes a inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase.[3] At least one mechanism by which these mutations cause this syndrome is by loss of its Rab binding domain.[4] This protein is associated with the primary cilia of the retinal pigment epithelial cells, fibroblasts and kidney tubular cells.[5] This suggests that this syndrome is due to dysfunction of the cilia in these cells.[6]
History
It was first described in 1952 by Charles Lowe and colleagues at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.[7] Because of the three major organ systems involved (eyes, brain, and kidney), it is also known as oculocerebrorenal syndrome.
Eponym
It is named for Charles Upton Lowe (August 24, 1921–February 9, 2012 ).[8]
References
- ^ Vilasi A, Cutillas PR, Maher AD et al. (August 2007). "Combined proteomic and metabonomic studies in three genetic forms of the renal Fanconi syndrome". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 293 (2): F456–67. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00095.2007. PMID 17494094.
- ^ Loi M. Lowe Syndrome. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2006,1:16
- ^ Kanık A, Kasap-Demir B, Ateşli R, Eliaçık K, Yavaşcan O, Helvacı M (2013) A novel OCRL1 gene mutation in a Turkish child with Lowe syndrome. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 55(1):82-85
- ^ Hagemann N, Hou X, Goody RS, Itzen A, Erdmann KS (2012) Crystal structure of the Rab binding domain of OCRL1 in complex with Rab8 and functional implications of the OCRL1/Rab8 module for Lowe syndrome. Small GTPases 3(2):107-10. doi: 10.4161/sgtp.19380
- ^ Luo N, West CC, Murga-Zamalloa CA, Sun L, Anderson RM, Wells CD, Weinreb RN, Travers JB, Khanna H, Sun Y (2012) OCRL localizes to the primary cilium: a new role for cilia in Lowe syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 21(15):3333-3344 doi: 10.1093/hmg/dds163
- ^ Rbaibi Y, Cui S, Mo D, Carattino M, Rohatgi R, Satlin LM, Szalinski CM, Swanhart LM, Fölsch H, Hukriede NA, Weisz OA. OCRL1 modulates cilia length in renal epithelial cells. Traffic 13(9):1295-305. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01387.x
- ^ Lowe CU, Terrey M, MacLachlan EA; Terrey; MacLachlan (1952). "Organic-aciduria, decreased renal ammonia production, hydrophthalmos, and mental retardation; a clinical entity". A.M.A. American journal of diseases of children 83 (2): 164–84. PMID 14884753.
- ^ synd/3512 at Who Named It?
External links
- Lowe Syndrome Association official website
- U.K. Lowe Syndrome Trust
- GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Lowe syndrome
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Inborn error of amino acid metabolism (E70–E72, 270)
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| K→acetyl-CoA |
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Lysine/straight chain
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- Glutaric acidemia type 1
- type 2
- Hyperlysinemia
- Pipecolic acidemia
- Saccharopinuria
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Leucine
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- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency
- 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency
- 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria 1
- Isovaleric acidemia
- Maple syrup urine disease
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Tryptophan
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| G |
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G→pyruvate→citrate
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Glycine
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- D-Glyceric acidemia
- Glutathione synthetase deficiency
- Sarcosinemia
- Glycine→Creatine: GAMT deficiency
- Glycine encephalopathy
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G→glutamate→
α-ketoglutarate
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Histidine
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- Carnosinemia
- Histidinemia
- Urocanic aciduria
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Proline
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- Hyperprolinemia
- Prolidase deficiency
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Glutamate/glutamine
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G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA
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Valine
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- Hypervalinemia
- Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
- Maple syrup urine disease
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Isoleucine
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- 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
- Beta-ketothiolase deficiency
- Maple syrup urine disease
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Methionine
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- Cystathioninuria
- Homocystinuria
- Hypermethioninemia
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General BC/OA
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- Methylmalonic acidemia
- Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency
- Propionic acidemia
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G→fumarate
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Phenylalanine/tyrosine
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Phenylketonuria
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- 6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase deficiency
- Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency
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Tyrosinemia
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- Alkaptonuria/Ochronosis
- Type I tyrosinemia
- Type II tyrosinemia
- Type III tyrosinemia/Hawkinsinuria
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Tyrosine→Melanin
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- Albinism: Ocular albinism (1)
- Oculocutaneous albinism (Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome)
- Waardenburg syndrome
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Tyrosine→Norepinephrine
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- Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency
- reverse: Brunner syndrome
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G→oxaloacetate
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Urea cycle/Hyperammonemia
(arginine
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- Argininemia
- Argininosuccinic aciduria
- Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency
- Citrullinemia
- N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency
- Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency/translocase deficiency
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Transport/
IE of RTT |
- Solute carrier family: Cystinuria
- Hartnup disease
- Iminoglycinuria
- Lysinuric protein intolerance
- Fanconi syndrome: Oculocerebrorenal syndrome
- Cystinosis
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| Other |
- 2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria
- Aminoacylase 1 deficiency
- Ethylmalonic encephalopathy
- Fumarase deficiency
- Trimethylaminuria
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Index of inborn errors of metabolism
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| Description |
- Metabolism
- Enzymes and pathways: citric acid cycle
- pentose phosphate
- glycoproteins
- glycosaminoglycans
- phospholipid
- cholesterol and steroid
- sphingolipids
- eicosanoids
- amino acid
- urea cycle
- nucleotide
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| Disorders |
- Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
- Glycoprotein
- Proteoglycan
- Fatty-acid
- Phospholipid
- Cholesterol and steroid
- Eicosanoid
- Amino acid
- Purine-pyrimidine
- Heme metabolism
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
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Sex linkage: X-linked disorders
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X-linked recessive
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| Immune |
- Chronic granulomatous disease (CYBB)
- Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
- X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
- X-linked agammaglobulinemia
- Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1
- IPEX
- X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
- Properdin deficiency
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| Hematologic |
- Haemophilia A
- Haemophilia B
- X-linked sideroblastic anemia
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| Endocrine |
- Androgen insensitivity syndrome/Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
- KAL1 Kallmann syndrome
- X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita
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| Metabolic |
- Amino acid: Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
- Oculocerebrorenal syndrome
- Dyslipidemia: Adrenoleukodystrophy
- Carbohydrate metabolism: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
- Danon disease/glycogen storage disease Type IIb
- Lipid storage disorder: Fabry's disease
- Mucopolysaccharidosis: Hunter syndrome
- Purine-pyrimidine metabolism: Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
- Mineral: Menkes disease/Occipital horn syndrome
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| Nervous system |
- X-linked mental retardation: Coffin–Lowry syndrome
- MASA syndrome
- X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome
- Siderius X-linked mental retardation syndrome
- Eye disorders: Color blindness (red and green, but not blue)
- Ocular albinism (1)
- Norrie disease
- Choroideremia
- Other: Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX2-3)
- Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
- SMAX2
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| Skin and related tissue |
- Dyskeratosis congenita
- Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA)
- X-linked ichthyosis
- X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy
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| Neuromuscular |
- Becker's muscular dystrophy/Duchenne
- Centronuclear myopathy (MTM1)
- Conradi–Hünermann syndrome
- Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1
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| Urologic |
- Alport syndrome
- Dent's disease
- X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
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| Bone/tooth |
- AMELX Amelogenesis imperfecta
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| No primary system |
- Barth syndrome
- McLeod syndrome
- Smith–Fineman–Myers syndrome
- Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
- Mohr–Tranebjærg syndrome
- Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome
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X-linked dominant
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- X-linked hypophosphatemia
- Focal dermal hypoplasia
- Fragile X syndrome
- Aicardi syndrome
- Incontinentia pigmenti
- Rett syndrome
- CHILD syndrome
- Lujan–Fryns syndrome
- Orofaciodigital syndrome 1
- Craniofrontonasal dysplasia
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