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WordNet

travel or traverse (a distance); "This car does 150 miles per hour"; "We did 6 miles on our hike every day"
the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization (同)doh, ut
proceed or get along; "How is she doing in her new job?"; "How are you making out in graduate school?"; "Hes come a long way" (同)fare, make_out, come, get along
create or design, often in a certain way; "Do my room in blue"; "I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest" (同)make
carry on or function; "We could do with a little more help around here" (同)manage
get (something) done; "I did my job" (同)perform
a relation between people; (`relationship is often used where `relation would serve, as in `the relationship between inflation and unemployment, but the preferred usage of `relationship is for human relations or states of relatedness); "the relationship between mothers and their children" (同)human_relationship
a state involving mutual dealings between people or parties or countries
a state of connectedness between people (especially an emotional connection); "he didnt want his wife to know of the relationship"
a result; "this situation developed in response to events in Africa"
a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister
the manner in which an electrical or mechanical device responds to an input signal or a range of input signals
treat with an agent; add (an agent) to; "The ray dosed the paint"
the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time (同)dosage
a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time (同)dosage
treated with some kind of application; "a mustache dosed with bear grease"

PrepTutorEJDIC

《疑問文・否定文を作る》 / 《否定命令文を作る》 / 《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて付加疑問を作る》 / 《強意語として》 / 《文》《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて倒置文を作る》 / 《あいづちを打つ場合に》 / 《先行する動詞またはそれを含む述部の代用》 / 《so,nor,neitherで始まる簡略文で》 / …‘を'『する』,行う,果たす / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》…‘を'『終える』,済ませる / …‘を'作る,作り出す / …‘を'『処理する』,整える,片付ける / 〈学課〉‘を'『勉強する』,専攻する / 〈利益・害など〉‘を'与える,もたらす / 〈人〉‘に'『役立つ』,用が足りる(serve) / …の速度で進む,距離を行く / …‘を'見物する / 〈劇〉‘を'上演する;…‘の'役を演じる / …の役目(仕事)をする / 《おもに英》…‘を'だます,かつぐ / 《話》…をへとへとにさせる / 『する』;活動する / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》(…を)『終える』,済ます《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『運ぶ』;〈人が〉暮らしていく,健康である / 〈物が〉(…に)『間に合う』,十分である;〈人が〉(…に)役に立つ,向く《+『for』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》すべきこと / 〈C〉《おもに英》大宴会,大パーティー / 〈C〉《英話》詐欺,ぺてん
ド(全音階の第1音)
=relation 1 / 血縁関係,親族関係
〈C〉(…に対する)『返事』,『返答』《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…に対する)『反応』,『反響』《『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉応答歌,応唱(牧師にならって合唱隊・会衆が短い祈り・歌を応答すること)
(おもに飲み薬1回分の)『服用量』 / (痛いこと・いやなことの)1回分,一定量 / (人などが受ける放射線の)線量 / 性病 / (…を)…‘に'投薬する,服用させる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/23 16:51:20」(JST)

wiki en

Semi-log plots of two agonists with different K_d; the blue curve indicates a more potent agonist than the green curve (higher response for the same dose).

The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship, describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure (or doses) to a stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time.^[1] This may apply to individuals (e.g.: a small amount has no significant effect, a large amount is fatal), or to populations (e.g.: how many people or organisms are affected at different levels of exposure).

Studying dose response, and developing dose–response models, is central to determining "safe" and "hazardous" levels and dosages for drugs, potential pollutants, and other substances to which humans or other organisms are exposed. These conclusions are often the basis for public policy. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed extensive guidance and reports on dose-response modeling and assessment, as well as software.^[2]

Dose–response relationships generally depend on the exposure time and exposure route (e.g., inhalation, dietary intake); quantifying the response after a different exposure time or for a different route leads to a different relationship and possibly different conclusions on the effects of the stressor under consideration. This limitation is caused by the complexity of biological systems and the often unknown biological processes operating between the external exposure and the adverse cellular or tissue response.

Dose–response curve[edit]

A dose–response curve is a simple X–Y graph relating the magnitude of a stressor (e.g. concentration of a pollutant, amount of a drug, temperature, intensity of radiation) to the response of the receptor (e.g. organism under study). The response may be a physiological or biochemical response, or even death (mortality), and thus can be counts (or proportion, e.g., mortality rate), ordered descriptive categories (e.g., severity of a lesion), or continuous measurements (e.g., blood pressure).^[3] A number of effects (or endpoints) can be studied, often at different organizational levels (e.g., population, whole animal, tissue, cell).

The measured dose (usually in milligrams, micrograms, or grams per kilogram of body-weight for oral exposures or milligrams per cubic meter of ambient air for inhalation exposures) is generally plotted on the X axis and the response is plotted on the Y axis. Other dose units include moles per body-weight, moles per animal, and for dermal exposure, moles per square centimeter. In some cases, it is the logarithm of the dose that is plotted on the X axis, and in such cases the curve is typically sigmoidal, with the steepest portion in the middle. Biologically based models using dose are preferred over the use of log(dose) because the latter can visually imply a threshold dose when in fact there is none.

The first point along the graph where a response above zero (or above the control response) is reached is usually referred to as a threshold-dose. For most beneficial or recreational drugs, the desired effects are found at doses slightly greater than the threshold dose. At higher doses, undesired side effects appear and grow stronger as the dose increases. The more potent a particular substance is, the steeper this curve will be. In quantitative situations, the Y-axis often is designated by percentages, which refer to the percentage of exposed individuals registering a standard response (which may be death, as in LD₅₀). Such a curve is referred to as a quantal dose-response curve, distinguishing it from a graded dose-response curve, where response is continuous (either measured, or by judgment).

A commonly used dose-response curve is the EC₅₀ curve, the half maximal effective concentration, where the EC₅₀ point is defined as the inflection point of the curve.

Statistical analysis of dose-response curves may be performed by regression methods such as the probit model or logit model, or other methods such as the Spearman-Karber method. Empirical models based on nonlinear regression are usually preferred over the use of some transformation of the data that linearizes the dose-response relationship.^[4]

Dose–response curves can be fit to the Hill equation (biochemistry) to determine cooperativity.

Problems with linear model[edit]

The concept of linear dose-response relationship, thresholds, and all-or-nothing responses may not apply to non-linear situations. A threshold model or linear no-threshold model may be more appropriate, depending on the circumstances. A recent critique^[5] of these models as they apply to endocrine disruptors argues for a substantial revision of testing and toxicological models at low doses.

References[edit]

^ Crump, KS; Hoel DG, Langley CH, Peto R. (1976). "Fundamental Carcinogenic Processes and Their Implications for Low Dose Risk Assessment". Cancer Research 36 ((9_Part1)): 2973–2979. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ U.S. EPA (2009). Benchmark Dose Software (BMDS) Version 2.1 User's Manual Version 2.0, DRAFT. Doc No.: 53-BMDS-RPT-0028. Washington, DC: Office of Environmental Information.
^ Altshuler, B (1981). "Modeling of Dose-Response Relationships". Environ Health Perspect 42: 23–27.
^ Bates, D. and D. Watts (1988). Nonlinear regression analysis. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 365.
^ http://edrv.endojournals.org/content/33/3/378.full.pdf+html?sid=5d7f1eaf-6733-4664-b760-c83b89ec0075

External links[edit]

Online Tool for ELISA Analysis
Online IC₅₀ Calculator
Ecotoxmodels A website on mathematical models in ecotoxicology, with emphasis on toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic models

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Active and passive cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: Results from the EPIC cohort.

Dossus L1, Boutron-Ruault MC, Kaaks R, Gram IT, Vilier A, Fervers B, Manjer J, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, Chang-Claude J, Boeing H, Steffen A, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Sarantopoulou M, Palli D, Berrino F, Tumino R, Vineis P, Mattiello A, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven FJ, Bakker MF, Peeters PH, Weiderpass E, Bjerkaas E, Braaten T, Menéndez V, Agudo A, Sanchez MJ, Amiano P, Tormo MJ, Barricarte A, Butt S, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Key TJ, Travis RC, Rinaldi S, McCormack V, Romieu I, Cox DG, Norat T, Riboli E, Clavel-Chapelon F.Author information 1Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Paris South University, Villejuif, France.AbstractRecent cohort studies suggest that increased breast cancer risks were associated with longer smoking duration, higher pack-years and a dose-response relationship with increasing pack-years of smoking between menarche and first full-term pregnancy (FFTP). Studies with comprehensive quantitative life-time measures of passive smoking suggest an association between passive smoking dose and breast cancer risk. We conducted a study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition to examine the association between passive and active smoking and risk of invasive breast cancer and possible effect modification by known breast cancer risk factors. Among the 322,988 women eligible for the study, 9,822 developed breast cancer (183,608 women with passive smoking information including 6,264 cases). When compared to women who never smoked and were not being exposed to passive smoking at home or work at the time of study registration, current, former and currently exposed passive smokers were at increased risk of breast cancer (hazard ratios (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.16 [1.05-1.28], 1.14 [1.04-1.25] and 1.10 [1.01-1.20], respectively). Analyses exploring associations in different periods of life showed the most important increase in risk with pack-years from menarche to FFTP (1.73 [1.29-2.32] for every increase of 20 pack-years) while pack-years smoked after menopause were associated with a significant decrease in breast cancer risk (HR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34-0.82 for every increase of 20 pack-years). Our results provide an important replication, in the largest cohort to date, that smoking (passively or actively) increases breast cancer risk and that smoking between menarche and FFTP is particularly deleterious.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Apr 15;134(8):1871-88. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28508. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
Recent cohort studies suggest that increased breast cancer risks were associated with longer smoking duration, higher pack-years and a dose-response relationship with increasing pack-years of smoking between menarche and first full-term pregnancy (FFTP). Studies with comprehensive quantitative life-
PMID 24590452

Proteomics study of N-acetylcysteine response in H1N1-infected cells by using mass spectrometry.

Wu H1, Song W, Gao X, Liu N, Wang P, Chen H, Cai Z.Author information 1State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.AbstractRATIONALE: The pathology of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) infection associated with the interaction of virus and its host cells is not clear. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant as well as a premier antitoxin and immune support substance. A high dose of NAC was recently reported for a therapy of H1N1 (2009) influenza pneumonia.
Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.2014 Apr 15;28(7):741-9. doi: 10.1002/rcm.6840.
RATIONALE: The pathology of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) infection associated with the interaction of virus and its host cells is not clear. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant as well as a premier antitoxin and immune support substance. A high dose of NAC was recently reported for a therapy of
PMID 24573805

Maternal magnesium sulphate exposure predicts neonatal magnesium blood concentrations.

Sherwin CM1, Balch A, Campbell SC, Fredrickson J, Clark EA, Varner M, Stockmann C, Korgenski EK, Bonkowsky JL, Spigarelli MG.Author information 1Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.AbstractTocolytic use of magnesium sulphate is associated with excess neonatal mortality and has been proposed to follow a dose-response relationship. This study aimed to define the correlation between maternal and neonatal magnesium blood concentrations. Magnesium blood concentrations were retrospectively obtained for mother-neonate pairs who were cared for at an Intermountain Healthcare facility from January 2009 to October 2011. Complete data were available for 231 mother-neonate pairs. Mean (±SD) maternal and neonatal magnesium concentrations were 5.43 ± 1.69 and 2.98 ± 0.94 mg/dL, respectively. Maternal and neonatal magnesium concentrations were highly correlated (p < 0.001). In univariate analyses, residual unexplained variability was high (r(2) = 0.19). However, further multivariate analyses revealed that caesarian section, severe pre-eclampsia and Apgar score at 5 min. were significantly associated with neonatal magnesium concentrations (p < 0.05 for all). Maternal magnesium concentrations correlate with neonatal exposure. This finding suggests that maternal monitoring deserves further evaluation as a marker of foetal toxicity.
Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology.Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol.2014 Apr;114(4):318-22. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12166. Epub 2013 Dec 11.
Tocolytic use of magnesium sulphate is associated with excess neonatal mortality and has been proposed to follow a dose-response relationship. This study aimed to define the correlation between maternal and neonatal magnesium blood concentrations. Magnesium blood concentrations were retrospectively
PMID 24164968

Japanese Journal

Effects of Asian dust on daily cough occurrence in patients with chronic cough: A panel study

Higashi Tomomi,Kambayashi Yasuhiro,Ohkura Noriyuki,Fujimura Masaki,Nakai Satoshi,Honda Yasushi,Saijoh Kiyofumi,Hayakawa Kazuichi,Kobayashi Fumihisa,Michigami Yoshimasa,Olando Anyenda Enoch,Hitomi Yoshiaki,Nakamura Hiroyuki
Atmospheric Environment 92, 506-513, 2014-08
… Particularly at Lag 0 (the day of exposure), a dose-response relationship was observed: the odds ratios for Grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 above the referent (Grade 1) were 1.111 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.995-1.239), 1.171 (95% CI: 1.006-1.363), 1.357 (95% CI: 1.029-1.788), and 1.414 (95% CI: 0.983-2.036), respectively. …
NAID 120005463354

Effects of Asian dust on daily cough occurrence in patients with chronic cough: A panel study

Higashi Tomomi,Kambayashi Yasuhiro,Ohkura Noriyuki,Fujimura Masaki,Nakai Satoshi,Honda Yasushi,Saijoh Kiyofumi,Hayakawa Kazuichi,Kobayashi Fumihisa,Michigami Yoshimasa,Olando Anyenda Enoch,Hitomi Yoshiaki,Nakamura Hiroyuki
Atmospheric Environment 92, 506-513, 2014-08
… Particularly at Lag 0 (the day of exposure), a dose-response relationship was observed: the odds ratios for Grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 above the referent (Grade 1) were 1.111 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.995-1.239), 1.171 (95% CI: 1.006-1.363), 1.357 (95% CI: 1.029-1.788), and 1.414 (95% CI: 0.983-2.036), respectively. …
NAID 120005440311