関: aerobe、aerobic bacteria

WordNet

an organism (especially a bacterium) that requires air or free oxygen for life
based on or using the principles of aerobics; enhancing respiratory and circulatory efficiency; "aerobic dance"; "running is very aerobic"
depending on free oxygen or air; "aerobic fermentation" (同)aerophilic, aerophilous
exercise that increases the need for oxygen (同)aerobic_exercise

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好気性生物(空中の酸素を必要とするバクテリア類)
(有機体が)好気性の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/09 23:23:04」(JST)

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Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in test tubes of thioglycollate broth:
1: Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.
2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.
3: Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
4: Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.

5: Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.

An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment.^[1]

Types

Obligate aerobes need oxygen to grow. In a process known as cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize substrates (for example sugars and fats) and generate energy.
Facultative anaerobes use oxygen if it is available, but also have anaerobic methods of energy production.
Microaerophiles require oxygen for energy production, but are harmed by atmospheric concentrations of oxygen (21% O₂).
Aerotolerant anaerobes do not use oxygen but are not harmed by it.

Glucose

A good example would be the oxidation of glucose (a monosaccharide) in aerobic respiration.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ + 38 ADP + 38 phosphate → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 38 ATP

Oxygen is used during the oxidation of glucose and water is produced.

This equation is a summary of what actually happens in three series of biochemical reactions: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Examples

Yeast is an example of a facultative anaerobe. It grows best in the presence of oxygen but does not require it.

References

^ "aerobe" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Total mesophilic counts underestimate in many cases the contamination levels of psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in chilled-stored food products at the end of their shelf-life.

Pothakos V, Samapundo S, Devlieghere F.SourceLaboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Member of Food2know, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: Vasileios.Pothakos@UGent.be.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2012 Dec;32(2):437-43. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.07.011. Epub 2012 Aug 7.
The major objective of this study was to determine the role of psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in spoilage-associated phenomena at the end of the shelf-life of 86 various packaged (air, vacuum, modified-atmosphere) chilled-stored retail food products. The current microbiological standards,
PMID 22986212

Use of near infrared spectroscopy to predict microbial numbers on Atlantic salmon.

Tito NB, Rodemann T, Powell SM.SourceAustralian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. Electronic address: Nthabiseng.tito@utas.edu.au.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2012 Dec;32(2):431-6. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.07.009. Epub 2012 Jul 25.
The potential of a near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) method to detect as well as predict microbial spoilage on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the NIR spectra showed clear separation between the fresh salmon fillets and those stored for nine days
PMID 22986211

Japanese Journal

Identification of the Genes Encoding Nitric Oxide Reductase in the Aerobic Photosynthetic Bacterium Roseobacter denitrificans OCh114

KIMURA Makoto,ISHII Masaharu,IGARASHI Yasuo [他]
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76(10), 1984-1986, 2012-10-00
NAID 40019462385

Characterization of a marine origin aerobic nitrifying-denitrifying bacterium

ZHENG Hai-Yan,LIU Ying,GAO Xi-Yan,AI Guo-Min,MIAO Li-Li,LIU Zhi-Pei
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(1), 33-37, 2012-07-25
NAID 10031125141

Characterization of a marine origin aerobic nitrifying-denitrifying bacterium(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Zheng Hai-Yan,Liu Ying,Gao Xi-Yan [他],Ai Guo-Min,Liu Zhi-Pei
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(1), 33-37, 2012-07-00
… Strain F6 showed efficient aerobic denitrifying ability. … N_2O and ^<15>N_2, as revealed by GC-MS and GC-IRMS, were the products of aerobic denitrification. … Factors affecting the growth and aerobic denitrifying performance of strain F6 were investigated. …
NAID 110009479361