基本転写因子 GTF

WordNet

somewhat indefinite; "bearing a general resemblance to the original"; "a general description of the merchandise"
a general officer of the highest rank (同)full general
the head of a religious order or congregation (同)superior general
a fact about the whole (as opposed to particular); "he discussed the general but neglected the particular"
affecting the entire body; "a general anesthetic"; "general symptoms"
applying to all or most members of a category or group; "the general public"; "general assistance"; "a general rule"; "in general terms"; "comprehensible to the general reader"
command as a general; "We are generaled by an incompetent!"
not specialized or limited to one class of things; "general studies"; "general knowledge"
prevailing among and common to the general public; "the general discontent"
be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
an independent variable in statistics
anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA
a sound or television recording (e.g., from a broadcast to a tape recording)
something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation (同)written text

PrepTutorEJDIC

(あるグループ)『全部の』,全部を含む / 『世間一般の』,広く行き渡った / 『一般の』,専門的でない / 『大体の』,概略の / 『陸軍大将』;(陸軍の)『将軍』,将官 / 概して,一般に
(…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行
〈U〉(…を)書き写す(書き直す)こと,(…の)転写,謄写《+of+名》 / 〈C〉写し(書き直し)[たもの] / 〈U〉〈C〉編曲[されたもの] / 〈U〉〈C〉(ラジオ・テレビの)録音(録画)
genusの複数形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/01 09:58:38」(JST)

wiki en

Transcription factors. In the middle part above the promoter, the pink color part of the transcription factors are the General Transcription Factors.

General transcription factors (GTFs), also known as basal transcriptional factors, are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific sites (promoter) on DNA to activate transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. GTFs, RNA polymerase, and the multiple-protein complex known as Mediator constitute the basic transcriptional apparatus that first bind to the promoter, then start transcription.^[1] GTFs are also intimately involved in the process of gene regulation, and most are required for life.^[2]

A transcription factor is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences (enhancer or promoter), either alone or with other proteins in a complex, to control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA by promoting (serving as an activator) or blocking (serving as a repressor) the recruitment of RNA polymerase.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] As a class of protein, general transcription factors bind to promoters along the DNA sequence or form a large transcription preinitiation complex to activate transcription. General transcription factors are necessary for transcription to occur.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Types

In bacteria, transcription initiation requires an RNA polymerase and a single GTF: sigma factor.

Transcription preinitiation complex

In archaea and eukaryotes, transcription initiation requires an RNA polymerase and a set of multiple GTFs to form a transcription preinitiation complex. The Transcription initiation by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II involves the following GTFs:^[11]^[12]

TFIIA
TFIIB
TFIID
TFIIE
TFIIF
TFIIH

Function and Mechanism

In bacteria

A sigma factor is a protein needed only for initiation of RNA synthesis in bacteria.^[13] Sigma factors provide promoter recognition specificity to the RNA polymerase (RNAP) and contribute to DNA strand separation, then dissociating from the RNA polymerase core enzyme following transcription initiation.^[14] The RNA polymerase core associates with the sigma factor to form RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Sigma factor reduces the affinity of RNA polymerase for nonspecific DNA while increasing specificity for promoters, allowing transcription to initiate at correct sites. The core enzyme of RNA polymerase has five subunits (protein subunits) (~400 kDa).^[15] Because of the RNA polymerase association with sigma factor, the complete RNA polymerase therefore has 6 subunits: the sigma subunit-in addition to the two alpha (α), one beta (β), one beta prime (β'), and one omega (ω) subunits that make up the core enzyme(~450 kDa). In addition, many bacteria can have multiple alternative σ factors. The level and activity of the alternative σ factors are highly regulated and can vary depending on environmental or developmental signals.^[16]

In archaea and eukaryotes

The transcription preinitiation complex is a large complex of proteins that is necessary for the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes and archaea. It attaches to the promoter of the DNA (e.i., TATA box) and helps position the RNA polymerase II to the gene transcription start sites, denatures the DNA, and then starts transcription.^[7]^[17]^[18]^[19]

Transcription preinitiation complex assembly

The assembly of transcription preinitiation complex follows these steps:

TATA binding protein (TBP), a subunit of TFIID (the largest GTF) binds to the promoter (TATA box), creating a sharp bend in the promoter DNA. Then the TBP-TFIIA interactions recruit TFIIA to the promoter.
TBP-TFIIB interactions recruit TFIIB to the promoter. RNA polymerase II and TFIIF assemble to form the Polymerase II complex. TFIIB helps the Pol II complex bind correctly.
TFIIE and TFIIH then bind to the complex and form the transcription preinitiation complex. TFIIA/B/E/H leave once RNA elongation begins. TFIID will stay until elongation is finished.
Subunits within TFIIH that have ATPase and helicase activity create negative superhelical tension in the DNA. This negative superhelical tension causes approximately one turn of DNA to unwind and form the transcription bubble.
The template strand of the transcription bubble engages with the RNA polymerase II active site, then RNA synthesis starts.

References

^ Pierce BA (2012). Genetics a conceptual approac (4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 364–367. ISBN 1-4292-3250-1.
^ Dillon N (2006). "Gene regulation and large-scale chromatin organization in the nucleus". Chromosome Research. 14 (1): 117–26. doi:10.1007/s10577-006-1027-8. PMID 16506101.
^ Latchman DS (December 1997). "Transcription factors: an overview". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 29 (12): 1305–12. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(97)00085-X. PMID 9570129.
^ Karin M (February 1990). "Too many transcription factors: positive and negative interactions". The New Biologist. 2 (2): 126–31. PMID 2128034.
^ Roeder RG (September 1996). "The role of general initiation factors in transcription by RNA polymerase II". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 21 (9): 327–35. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(96)10050-5. PMID 8870495.
^ Nikolov DB, Burley SK (1997). "RNA polymerase II transcription initiation: A structural view". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (1): 15–22.Bibcode:1997PNAS...94...15N. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.1.15. PMC 33652.PMID 8990153.
^ ^a ^b Lee TI, Young RA (2000). "Transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes". Annual Review of Genetics. 34 (1): 77–137. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.77. PMID 11092823.
^ Weinzierl RO (1999). Mechanisms of Gene Expression: Structure, Function and Evolution of the Basal Transcriptional Machinery. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 1-86094-126-5.
^ Reese JC (April 2003). "Basal transcription factors". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 13 (2): 114–8. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(03)00013-3. PMID 12672487.
^ Shilatifard A, Conaway RC, Conaway JW (2003). "The RNA polymerase II elongation complex". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 72 (1): 693–715. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161551. PMID 12676794.
^ Lee TI, Young RA (2000). "Transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes". Annual Review of Genetics. 34 (1): 77–137. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.77. PMID 11092823.
^ Orphanides G, Lagrange T, Reinberg D (November 1996). "The general transcription factors of RNA polymerase II". Genes & Development. 10 (21): 2657–83. doi:10.1101/gad.10.21.2657. PMID 8946909.
^ Gruber TM, Gross CA (October 2003). "Multiple sigma subunits and the partitioning of bacterial transcription space". Annual Review of Microbiology. 57: 441–66. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913. PMID 14527287.
^ Borukhov S, Nudler E (April 2003). RNA polymerase holoenzyme: structure, function and biological implications. 6. Current Opinion in Microbiology. pp. 93–100. ISSN 1369-5274.
^ Ebright RH (December 2000). "RNA polymerase: structural similarities between bacterial RNA polymerase and eukaryotic RNA polymerase II". Journal of Molecular Biology. 304 (5): 687–98. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4309. PMID 11124018.
^ Chandrangsu P, Helmann JD (March 2014). "Sigma Factors in Gene Expression". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0000854.pub3. ISBN 978-0-470-01590-2.
^ Kornberg RD (2007). "The molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (32): 12955–61. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704138104.PMC 1941834. PMID 17670940.
^ Kim TK, Lagrange T, Wang YH, Griffith JD, Reinberg D, Ebright RH (1997). "Trajectory of DNA in the RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 (23): 12268-73. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12268. PMC 24903. PMID 9356438.
^ Kim TK, Ebright RH, Reinberg D (May 2000). "Mechanism of ATP-dependent promoter melting by transcription factor IIH". Science. 288 (5470): 1418–22. doi:10.1126/science.288.5470.1418. PMID 10827951.

External links

General Transcription Factors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Holoenzymes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings
DNA Transcription YouTube Video

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

GATA-2 inhibits transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway through interaction with Smad4.

Dong XM1, Yin RH2, Yang Y3, Feng ZW2, Ning HM4, Dong L5, Zheng WW2, Tang LJ2, Wang J2, Jia YX6, Jiang YN7, Liu ED7, Chen H2, Zhan YQ2, Yu M2, Ge CH2, Li CY8, Yang XM9.Author information 1School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.2State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.3Purdue University, Department of Biological Sciences, 915W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, United States.4Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital to Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.5Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China.6School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.7An Hui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.8State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; An Hui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China. Electronic address: fmmli@163.com.9School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China. Electronic address: xiaomingyang@sina.com.AbstractGATA-2, a member of zinc finger GATA transcription factor family, plays key role in the hematopoietic stem cells self-renewal and differentiation. The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathway is a major signaling network that controls cell proliferation, differentiation and tumor suppression. Here we found that GATA-2 negatively regulated TGF-β signaling pathway in Smad4-dependent manner. GATA-2 specifically interacts with Smad4 with its N-terminal while the zinc finger domain of GATA-2 is essential for negative regulation of TGFβ. Although GATA-2 did not affect the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and the complex Smad2/3/4 formation in response to TGFβ, the DNA binding activity of Smad4 was decreased significantly by GATA-2 overexpression. Overexpression of GATA-2 in K562 cells led to reduced TGFβ-induced erythroid differentiation while knockdown of GATA-2 enhanced TGFβ-induced erythroid differentiation. All these results suggest that GATA-2 is a novel negative regulator of TGFβ signal pathway.
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PMID 24486412

The Role of miRNAs in the Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.

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Japanese Journal

Downregulation of AP-2α Gene Expression in the Cadmium-Induced Ventral Body Wall Defect in the Chick Model

Doi Takashi,Puri Prem,Bannigan John,Thompson Jennifer,Yamataka Atsuyuki
日本小児外科学会雑誌 48(5), 829-833, 2012-08-20
… The transcription factor AP-2α null mice has been shown to cause VBWD. …
NAID 110009489655

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor is required for mature myotube formation.

Ooishi Ryo,Shirai Mitsuyuki,Funaba Masayuki,Murakami Masaru
Biochimica et biophysica acta 1820(2), 76-83, 2012-02
… [Background] : The roles of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) in the skeletal muscle and during myogenesis are unclear. … [General significance] : Mitf positively regulates skeletal muscle formation; …
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