WordNet

of or relating to a chorion; "a chorionic villus is a minute vascular projection on the fetal chorion"
the outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo in higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/02/08 19:20:45」(JST)

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Human placental lactogen (hPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), is a polypeptide placental hormone, the human form of placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin). Its structure and function are similar to those of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. hPL has anti-insulin properties. hPL is a hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. Like human growth hormone, hPL is encoded by genes on chromosome 17q22-24. It was identified in 1963.^[2]

Structure

hPL molecular mass is 22,125 and contains single chain consisting of 191 amino acid residues that are linked by two disulfide bonds and the structure contains 8 helices. A crystal structure of hPL was determined by X-ray diffraction to a resolution of 2.0 Å.^[1]

Levels

hPL is present only during pregnancy, with maternal serum levels rising in relation to the growth of the fetus and placenta. Maximum levels are reached near term, typically to 5–7 mg/L. Higher levels are noted in patients with multiple gestation. Little hPL enters the fetal circulation. Its biological half-life is 15 minutes.

Physiologic function

hPL affects the metabolic system of the maternal organism in the following manners:

In a bioassay hPL mimics the action of prolactin, yet it is unclear whether hPL has any role in human lactation.
Metabolic
- ↓ maternal insulin sensitivity leading to an increase in maternal blood glucose levels.
- ↓ maternal glucose utilization, which helps ensure adequate fetal nutrition (the mother responds by increasing beta cells). Chronic hypoglycemia leads to a rise in hPL.
- ↑ lipolysis with the release of free fatty acids. With fasting and release of hPL, free fatty acids become available for the maternal organism as fuel, so that relatively more glucose can be utilized by the fetus. Also, ketones formed from free fatty acids can cross the placenta and be used by the fetus.

These functions help support fetal nutrition even in the case of maternal malnutrition.

This hormone has weak actions similar to those of growth hormone, causing the formation of protein tissues in the same way that growth hormone, but 100 times more hPL than growth hormone is required to promote growth.^[3] An enhancer for the human placental lactogen gene is found 2 kb downstream of the gene and participates in the cell-specific control gene expression.

Clinical measurement

While hPL has been used as an indicator of fetal well-being and growth, other fetal testing methods have been found to be more reliable.^{[citation needed]} Also, normal pregnancies have been reported with undetectable maternal levels of hPL.

References

^ ^a ^b PDB: 1Z7C; Walsh ST, Kossiakoff AA (May 2006). "Crystal structure and site 1 binding energetics of human placental lactogen". J. Mol. Biol. 358 (3): 773–84. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.038. PMID 16546209.
^ Josimovich JB, Atwood BL, Goss DA (October 1963). "Luteotrophic, Immunologic and Electrophoretic Properties of Human Placental Lactogen". Endocrinology. 73: 410–20. doi:10.1210/endo-73-4-410. PMID 14068826.
^ Guyton and Hall (2005). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 1033. ISBN 81-8147-920-3. This hormone has weak actions similar to those of growth hormone, causing the formation of protein tissues in the same way that growth hormone.

"RCSB Protein Data Bank - Structure Summary for 1Z7C - Crystal Structure of Human Placental Lactogen".
"Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin Enhancer Function Is Mediated by Cooperative Binding of TEF-1 and CSEF-1 to Multiple, Low-Affinity Binding Sites".

External links

Human Placental Lactogen at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 絨毛膜サンプリング検査：リスク、合併症、および手技 chorionic villus sampling
2. 妊娠に対する母体の内分泌系および代謝の適応 maternal endocrine and metabolic adaptation to pregnancy
3. Pregestational diabetes mellitus: Glycemic control during pregnancy
4. ヒト絨毛性性ゴナドトロピン：妊娠および妊娠性絨毛性疾患の検査と低検査値が持続する原因 human chorionic gonadotropin testing in pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic disease and causes of low persistent levels
5. 精巣胚細胞腫瘍の臨床症状、診断、および病期分類 clinical manifestations diagnosis and staging of testicular germ cell tumors

English Journal

Discovery of conventional prolactin from the holocephalan elephant fish, Callorhinchus milii.

Yamaguchi Y1, Takagi W2, Kuraku S3, Moriyama S4, Bell JD5, Seale AP6, Lerner DT7, Grau EG8, Hyodo S9.
General and comparative endocrinology.Gen Comp Endocrinol.2015 Aug 29. pii: S0016-6480(15)00239-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.08.020. [Epub ahead of print]
The conventional prolactin (PRL), also known as PRL1, is an adenohypophysial hormone that critically regulates various physiological events in reproduction, metabolism, growth, osmoregulation, among others. PRL1 shares its evolutionary origin with PRL2, growth hormone (GH), somatolactin and placenta
PMID 26320855

Nuclear transfer alters placental gene expression and associated histone modifications of the placental-specific imprinted gene pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 2 (PHLDA2) in cattle.

Arnold DR, Gaspar RC, da Rocha CV, Sangalli JR, de Bem TH, Corrêa CA, Penteado JC, Meirelles FV, Lopes FL.
Reproduction, fertility, and development.Reprod Fertil Dev.2015 Aug 21. doi: 10.1071/RD15132. [Epub ahead of print]
Abnormal placental development is frequent in nuclear transfer (NT) pregnancies and is likely to be associated with altered epigenetic reprogramming. In the present study, fetal and placental measurements were taken on Day 60 of gestation in cows with pregnancies produced by AI, IVF and NT. Placenta
PMID 26293776

Pregnancy Hyperglycemia in Prolactin Receptor Mutant, but Not Prolactin Mutant, Mice and Feeding-Responsive Regulation of Placental Lactogen Genes Implies Placental Control of Maternal Glucose Homeostasis.

Rawn SM, Huang C, Hughes M, Shaykhutdinov R, Vogel HJ, Cross JC.
Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2015 Aug 12. pii: biolreprod.115.132431. [Epub ahead of print]
Pregnancy is often viewed as a conflict between the fetus and mother over metabolic resources. Insulin resistance occurs in mothers during pregnancy but does not normally lead to diabetes because of an increase in the number of her pancreatic beta cells. In mice, this increase is dependent on prolac
PMID 26269505

Japanese Journal

Similarities and Differences in Reproductive Endocrinology Between Non-Human Primates and Humans

Congenital anomalies 39(4), 209-222, 1999-12-31
NAID 110002786117

Molecular Genetic Analyses of RFLPs for PCR-Amplified Growth Hormone Gene, Renal Kallikrein Gene and Atrial Natriuretic Factor Gene in Essential Hypertension.

Hypertension Research 16(2), 113-120, 1993
NAID 130003456144

Monoclonal Antibodies which Preferentially Bind to 22K Human Growth Hormone Rather than Its 20k Variant.

Endocrinologia Japonica 36(4), 481-490, 1989
NAID 130000952673

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ヒト胎盤性ラクトゲン」「ヒト絨毛性乳腺刺激ホルモン」「絨毛性ソマトマンモトロピン」
拡張検索	「human chorionic somatomammotropin」
関連記事	「chorionic」

「ヒト胎盤性ラクトゲン」

chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2
Identifiers
Symbol	CSH2
Entrez	1443
HUGO	2441
OMIM	118820
PDB	1Z7C
RefSeq	NM_020991
UniProt	P01243
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q22-q24

chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (human placental lactogen)
	Crystal Structure of Human Placental Lactogen.
Identifiers
Symbol	CSH1
Entrez	1442
HUGO	2440
OMIM	150200
RefSeq	NM_001317
UniProt	Q6PF11
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q22-q24