関: acyl-CoA、fatty acyl-CoA

WordNet

the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet (同)a
the blood group whose red cells carry the A antigen (同)type_A, group A
any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group; "an example of the acyl group is the acetyl group" (同)acyl_group
a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes

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answer / ampere
arsenicの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/28 07:50:20」(JST)

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General chemical structure of an acyl-CoA, where R is a fatty acid side chain

Acyl-CoA is a group of coenzymes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. It is a temporary compound formed when coenzyme A (CoA) attaches to the end of a long-chain fatty acid inside living cells. The compound undergoes beta oxidation, forming one or more molecules of acetyl-CoA. This, in turn, enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several molecules of ATP.

Functions

Fatty acid activation

To be oxidatively degraded, a fatty acid must first be activated in a two-step reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase. First, the fatty acid displaces the diphosphate group of ATP, then coenzyme A (HSCoA) displaces the AMP group to form an acyl-CoA. The acyladenylate product of the first step has a large free energy of hydrolysis and conserves the free energy of the cleaved phosphoanhydride bond in ATP. The second step, transfer of the acyl group to CoA (the same molecule that carries acetyl groups as acetyl-CoA), conserves free energy in the formation of a thioester bond. Consequently, the overall reaction has a free energy change near zero:

Fatty acid + CoA + ATP ⇌ Acyl-CoA + AMP + PP_i

Subsequent hydrolysis of the product PP_i (by the enzyme inorganic pyrophosphatase) is highly exergonic, and this reaction makes the formation of acyl-CoA spontaneous and irreversible.

Fatty acids are activated in the cytosol, but oxidation occurs in the mitochondria. Because there is no transport protein for CoA adducts, acyl groups must enter the mitochondria via a shuttle system involving the small molecule carnitine.^[1]

References

^ Pratt C.W., Cornely, K. Essential Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2004)

External links

Acyl Coenzyme A at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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1. リポ蛋白の分類、代謝、およびアテローム性動脈硬化症における役割 lipoprotein classification metabolism and role in atherosclerosis

English Journal

Enzyme-coupled assays for flip-flop of acyl-Coenzyme A in liposomes.

Bavdek A1, Vazquez HM1, Conzelmann A2.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Nov;1848(11 Pt A):2960-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.08.020. Epub 2015 Aug 29.
Acyl-Coenzyme A is made in the cytosol. Certain enzymes using acyl-CoA seem to operate in the lumen of the ER but no corresponding flippases for acyl-CoA or an activated acyl have been described. In order to test the ability of purified candidate flippases to operate the transport of acyl-CoA throug
PMID 26325346

Assessment of bacterial acyltransferases for an efficient lipid production in metabolically engineered strains of E. coli.

Röttig A1, Zurek PJ1, Steinbüchel A2.
Metabolic engineering.Metab Eng.2015 Oct 13. pii: S1096-7176(15)00126-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.09.016. [Epub ahead of print]
Microbially produced lipids like triacylglycerols or fatty acid ethyl esters are currently of great interest as fuel replacements or other industrially relevant compounds. They can even be produced by non-oleaginous microbes, like Escherichia coli, upon metabolic engineering. However, there is still
PMID 26460058

Statin Lactonization by Uridine 5'-Diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs).

Schirris TJ1,2, Ritschel T3, Bilos A1, Smeitink JA2,4, Russel FG1,2.
Molecular pharmaceutics.Mol Pharm.2015 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]
Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that have proven to be effective in lowering the risk of major cardiovascular events. Although well tolerated, statin-induced myopathies are the most common side effects. Compared to their pharmacologically active acid form, statin lactones are more potent indu
PMID 26412035

Japanese Journal

Role of ACAT1-positive late endosomes in macrophages: Cholesterol metabolism and therapeutic applications for Niemann-Pick disease type C

Sakashita Naomi,Lei XiaoFeng,Kamikawa Masashi,Nishitsuji Kazuchika
The Journal of Medical Investigation 61(3.4), 270-277, 2014
… During this transformation, macrophages demonstrate endoplasmic reticulum fragmentation and consequently produce acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1)-positive late endosomes (ACAT1-LE). …
NAID 130004822731

ACAT1-associated Late Endosomes/Lysosomes Significantly Improve Impaired Intracellular Cholesterol Metabolism and the Survival of Niemann-Pick Type C Mice

Kamikawa Masashi,Lei XiaoFeng,Fujiwara Yukio,Nishitsuji Kazuchika,Mizuta Hiroshi,Takeya Motohiro,Sakashita Naomi
ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA 47(2), 35-43, 2014
… We previously demonstrated that macrophages exhibit endoplasmic reticulum fragmentation under cholesterol-rich conditions, which results in the generation of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1)-associated late endosomes/lysosomes (ACAT1-LE). …
NAID 130003390848

Anti-Diabetic Potential of the Essential Oil of Pinus koraiensis Leaves toward Streptozotocin-Treated Mice and HIT-T15 Pancreatic β Cells

JOO Hye-Eun,LEE Hyo-Jung,SOHN Eun Jung [他],LEE Min-Ho,KO Hyun-Suk,JEONG Soo-Jin,LEE Hyo-Jeong,KIM Sung-Hoon
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 77(10), 1997-2001, 2013
… Our group has already reported that the essential oil from leaves of Pinus koraiensis SIEB (EOPK) exerted antihyperlipidemic effects by upregulating the low-density lipoprotein receptor and inhibiting acyl-coenzyme A, cholesterol acyltransferases. …
NAID 130003381876

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アシルCoA」「アシル補酵素A」「fatty acyl-CoA」「アシルコエンザイムA」「acyl-CoA」
拡張検索	「multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency」
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