first aid step1 2006 p.386,430

グラム陰性桿菌
腸内細菌科
通性嫌気性　←　腸内細菌科だからね
ウレアーゼ活性を有する　←　腸内細菌との鑑別
人から分離されるのは主に、Proteus vulgaris、Proteus mirabilis
日和見感染菌、下部尿路感染、創傷感染、カテーテル留置患者の敗血症、火傷面の二次感染
周毛性鞭毛、運動性を有する

尿路結石の生成に関与する　→　ウレアーゼを持つから

struvite(magnesium-amonium phosphate) (→尿路結石症)

WordNet

type genus of the Proteidae (同)genus Proteus
(Greek mythology) a prophetic god who served Poseidon; was capable of changing his shape at will

PrepTutorEJDIC

『下品な』,野卑な,無作法な / 《おもに文》《名詞の前にのみ用いて》庶民の,民衆の,一般大衆の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/23 20:54:17」(JST)

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Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium that inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. It can be found in soil, water and fecal matter. It is grouped with the enterobacteriaceae and is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. It is known to cause urinary tract infections and wound infections.

The term Proteus signifies changeability of form, as personified in the Homeric poems in Proteus, "the old man of the sea," who tends the sealflocks of Poseidon and has the gift of endless transformation. The first use of the term “Proteus” in bacteriological nomenclature was made by Hauser (1885) who described under this term three types of organisms which he isolated from putrefied meat. One of the three species Hauser identified was Proteus vulgaris so this organism has a long history in Microbiology.

Over the past two decades the genus Proteus, and in particular P. vulgaris, has undergone a number of major taxonomic revisions. In 1982, P. vulgaris was separated into three biogroups on the basis of indole production. Biogroup one was indole negative and represented a new species: P. penneri; while biogroup two and three remained together as P. vulgaris.

Lab Identification

According to laboratory conducted fermentation tests, P. vulgaris ferments glucose and amygdalin, but does not ferment mannitol or lactose. P. vulgaris also tests positive for the methyl red (mixed acid fermentation) test and is also an extremely motile organism.

When P. vulgaris is tested using the API 20E Identification System [1] test strip for enterobacteriaceae (made by BIOMERIEUX) [2], it is discovered that it provides a positive result for: sulfur reduction, urease production, tryptophan deaminase production, indole production, sometimes positive gelatinase activity and saccharose fermentation, and provides a negative result for the remainder of the tests on the testing strip.

It is referenced in the Analytical Profile Index using the nine-digit code: 047602157

The optimal growing conditions of this organism is in a facultative anaerobic environment with an average temperature of about 37 degrees Celsius .

The Becton/Dickinson BBL Enterotube II system for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae inoculated with Proteus vulgaris may yield the following results: Positive for Glucose fermentation (with gas production). Negative for Lysine and Ornithine. Positive for Hydrogen sulfide production and positive for Indole production. Negative for Adonitol and Lactose. Negative for Arabinose, Sorbitol and Dulcitol. The Phenylalanine test was positive as was the Harnstoff Urea test. Proteus vulgaris can test positive or negative for Citrate. All combine for a "Biocode ID of 31407" for use in the Interpretation Guide/Computer Coding and Identification System (CCIS). Note that Proteus vulgaris can also test Urease negative in solid media (such as in Enterotube), but will be Urease positive in liquid media. The CCIS code will still identify Proteus vulgaris with a negative urease test.

Proteus Infections

Etiology & Epidemiology

Nosocomial infections
Proteus mirabilis causes 90% of Proteus infections.
Proteus vulgaris and Proteus penneri are easily isolated from individuals in long-term care facilities and hospitals and from patients with underlying diseases or compromised immune systems.
Patients with recurrent infections, those with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, those who have had urethral instrumentation, and those whose infections were acquired in the hospital have an increased frequency of infection caused by Proteus and other organisms (e.g., Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, enterococci, staphylococci)

Pathogenesis & Virulence

motility flagella

adherence factors
Fimbriae—facilitate adherence and thus enhance the capacity of the organism to produce disease

inflammatory response
IL-6/IL-8 secretion—attachment to uroepithelial cells initiates secretion apoptosis and epithelial cell desquamation pyelonephritis—Bacterial production of urease increases risk bacteremia & sepsis—bacterial endotoxin (LPS)

Survival urease production—alkalinize the urine by hydrolyzing urea to ammonia makes proteus effective in producing an environment in which it can survive.

Clinical Expression

Bacteremia & sepsis—Enterobacteriaceae (of which Proteus is a member) and Pseudomonas species are the microorganisms most commonly responsible for gram-negative bacteremia.

The presence of the sepsis syndrome associated with a UTI should raise the possibility of urinary tract obstruction. This is especially true of patients who reside in long-term care facilities, who have long-term indwelling urethral catheters, or who have a known history of urethral anatomic abnormalities.

UTI obstruction

Urease production leads to precipitation of organic and inorganic compounds, which leads to struvite stone formation. Struvite stones are composed of a combination of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium carbonate-apatite. Struvite stone formation can be sustained only when ammonia production is increased and the urine pH is elevated to decrease the solubility of phosphate. Both of these requirements can occur only when urine is infected with a urease-producing organism such as Proteus. Urease metabolizes urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide: Urea 2 NH₃ + CO₂. The ammonia/ammonium buffer pair has a pK of 9.0, resulting in the combination of highly alkaline urine rich in ammonia.

Symptoms attributable to struvite stones are uncommon. More often, women present with UTI, flank pain, or hematuria and are found to have a persistently alkaline urine pH (>7.0).

Treatments

Known antibiotics that P. vulgaris is sensitive to:

Ciprofloxacin
Ceftazidime
Netilmicin
Sulbactam or Cefoperazo
Meropenem
Piperacillin/tazobactam
Unasyn

Antibiotics should be introduced in much higher doses than "normal" when P. vulgaris has infected the sinus or respiratory tissues; for example Ciprofloxacin should be introduced at a level of at least 2000 mg per day orally in such a situation, rather than the "standard" 1000 mg per day.

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English Journal

Antimicrobial activity of bioactive compounds and leaf extracts in Jatropha tanjorensis.

Viswanathan MB, Jeya Ananthi JD, Sathish Kumar P.SourceCentre for Research and Development of Siddha-Ayurveda Medicines (CRDSAM), Department of Plant Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
Fitoterapia.Fitoterapia.2012 Oct;83(7):1153-9. Epub 2012 Aug 1.
OBJECTIVES: Jatropha tanjorensis was investigated scientifically to generate evidence for the efficacies reported in traditional systems and the results are given here.METHODS: Different concentrations of the solvent extracts of leaves and four isolated compounds were tested against human pathogenic
PMID 22884742

The Constituents of Essential Oil: Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Micromeria congesta Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. from East Anatolia.

Herken EN, Celik A, Aslan M, Aydınlık N.Source1 Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pamukkale University , Denizli, Turkey .
Journal of medicinal food.J Med Food.2012 Sep;15(9):835-9. Epub 2012 Aug 7.
Abstract The chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, total phenol content, total antioxidant activity, and total oxidant status of the essential oil from Micromeria congesta Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. were investigated. Steam distillation was used to obtain the essential oil, and the ch
PMID 22871061

Anthemis wiedemanniana essential oil prevents LPS-induced production of NO in RAW 264.7 macrophages and exerts antiproliferative and antibacterial activities in vitro.

Conforti F, Menichini F, Formisano C, Rigano D, Senatore F, Bruno M, Rosselli S, Celik S.Sourcea Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Calabria , via Pietro Bucci , I-87036 Rende (CS) , Italy.
Natural product research.Nat Prod Res.2012 Sep;26(17):1594-601. Epub 2011 Nov 29.
Anthemis wiedemanniana is known in folk medicine for the treatment of microbial infections, cancer and also urinary and pulmonary problems. In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oil from A. wiedemanniana was evaluated and its antibacterial activity was tested against 10 bacterial
PMID 22124231

Japanese Journal

Synthesis, Nematicidal and Antimicrobial Activity of 3-(5-3-Methyl-5-[(3-methyl-7-5-[2-(aryl)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolan-3-yl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylbenzo[b]furan-5-yl)methyl]benzo[b]furan-7-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-(aryl)-1,3-thiazolan-4-one

Sanjeeva Reddy Cherkupally,Chandrashekar Rao Dasari,Yakub Vookanti,Nagaraj Adki
CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 58(6), 805-810, 2010
… Proteus vulgaris ATCC 3851, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and also screened for their antifungal activity against four fungal organisms viz. …
NAID 130000255852

D-アラボ-アスコルビン酸-2価鉄錯体の殺菌作用

村田晃,東保良典,山内真理子,小原香,木戸君枝,加藤富民雄,神田康三
ビタミン 82(5・6), 321-327, 2008-06-25
… The bacteria were sensitive to [DaA-Fe^<2+>] in this order from greatest to least: Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casei, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Micrococcus flavus and Morganella morganii. …
NAID 110006792552

Experimental and QSAR Studies on Antimicrobial Activity of Benzimidazole Derivatives

PURATCHIKODY Ayarivan,NAGALAKSHMI Govindasamy,DOBLE Mukesh
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 56(3), 273-281, 2008-03-01
… Twenty eight analogues of benzimidazoles had been synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activity against four bacteria (Staphylococcus auerus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus pumilus and Proteus vulgaris) and two fungi (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergilus niger). …
NAID 110006622628

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「腸内細菌科」「日和見感染菌」「プロテウス属」「ウレアーゼ」
関連記事	「vulgaris」「Proteus」

「腸内細菌科」

Proteus vulgaris
	24h old culture
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Proteus
Species:	P. vulgaris
Binomial name
	Proteus vulgaris; Hauser 1885

　　[★]

英: Enterobacteriaceae
関: 細菌

代表的なもの８つを覚ておく！

エンテロバクター属 Enterobacter
エシェリキア属  Escherichia
クレブシエラ属 Klebsiella
プロテウス属 Proteus
サルモネラ属 Salmonella
セラチア属 Serratia
シゲラ属 Shigella
エルシニア属 Yersinia

腸内細菌科 (SMB.163)

属	菌種	日和見感染菌	感染症
Citrobacter	Citrobacter freundii		尿路感染、骨髄炎、下痢
Edwardsiella	Edwardsiella tarda	○	腸管外感染症
Enterobacter	Enterobacter aerogenes	○	肺炎、尿路感染
	Enterobacter cloacae
	Enterobacter gergoviae
	Enterobacter sakazakii		新生児敗血症、髄膜炎
Escherichia	Escherichia coli		下痢、腸炎、腸管外感染症(尿路感染症、骨髄炎)
Hafnia	Hafnia alvei		腸管外感染症
Klebsiella	Klebsiella oxytoca		下痢
Klebsiella	Klebsiella pneumoniae	○	肺炎、尿路感染
Kluyvera	Kluyvera ascorbata	○
Kluyvera	Kluyvera cryocrescens	○
Morganella	Morganella morganii		尿路感染症
Proteus	Proteus mirabilis	○	尿路感染症
Proteus	Proteus vulgaris	○	尿路感染症
Providencia	Providencia alcalifaciens		尿路感染症、下痢
	Providencia rettgeri		尿路感染症、下痢
	Providencia stuartii		尿路感染症
Salmonella	Salmonella enterica		腸チフス、急性胃腸炎(食中毒)
Serratia	Serratia liquefaciens	○
Serratia	Serratia marcescens	○
Shigella	Shigella boydii		細菌性赤痢
	Shigella dysenteriae
	Shigella flexneri
	Shigella sonnei
Yersinia	Yersinia enterocolitica		急性胃腸炎(食中毒)、回腸末端炎、結節性紅斑
	Yersinia pestis		ペスト
	Yersinia pseudotuberculosis		腸間膜リンパ節炎、関節炎

「日和見感染菌」

　　[★]

関: 日和見感染、日和見感染症

腸内細菌科

属	菌種	感染症
Edwardsiella	Edwardsiella tarda	腸管外感染症
Enterobacter	Enterobacter aerogenes	肺炎、尿路感染
	Enterobacter cloacae
	Enterobacter gergoviae
Klebsiella	Klebsiella pneumoniae	肺炎、尿路感染
Kluyvera	Kluyvera ascorbata
Kluyvera	Kluyvera cryocrescens
Proteus	Proteus mirabilis	尿路感染症
Proteus	Proteus vulgaris	尿路感染症
Serratia	Serratia liquefaciens
Serratia	Serratia marcescens